The Culture Of Pakistan Cultural Studies Essay

The Culture Of Pakistan Cultural Studies Essay Culture of Pakistan is very diverse it stems it stems from the fact that what is now Pakistan has in the past been invaded and occupied by many people like as the white Huns, Persians, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and various others groups. There are different in culture of Pakistan. Its among the different ethnic groups in matters in their dress food and religion and also pre Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices. Pakistan is the first region of south Asia to receive the full impact of Islam and developed Islamic identity. Pakistan geography is the mixture of south Asia, central Asia and west Asia so the culture of Pakistan is unique then the rest of countries, its a combination of Islamic, regional, English and global influences, Increasing globalization has improved the pressure of western culture and Pakistan culture. They are easy access to western products, culture and foods. 4.1 Religion Religion is not only the base of the social system of Pakistan but it is also an effective force that can provide the meeting ground for all the regional cultures of Pakistan. The main religion in Pakistan is islam which followed by 95.98% of people. The remaining 2.5% practice Christianity, Hinduism and other religions. 4.2 Language A common language could create natural understanding to such an extent that speaker and listener comes together at one cultural level. Among the other religion languages and dialects Urdu is a language which is spoken and understands throughout the country. There are main two common languages are urdu and English and other languages are Punjabis, Pasto, Sindhi, and Balochi and other regional languages are Saraiki, Hindko and Brahui. 4.3 Geography Variety of physical contours, it has green fertile plains, hot deserts, beautiful valleys, snow clad mountains and magnificent coast line. Having a diverse range of physical features, customs, traditions and habits of the people living in different regions has provided a a rich cultural heritage to Pakistan. In the southern portion the city of Karachi is well known for its shorelines. Karachi was the original capital when the Pakistan was created in 1947 nearby Arabian Sea. In the northern section of the country consist of mountains, and also famous Khyber Pass is situated in this area. The city of Islamabad is in middle of the country, was officially the capital of Pakistan is in 1961. It becomes the active capital in 1966, Rawalpindi is famous ancient city of the country it consist famous government buildings and also wide variety of modern hotels and international airport. 4.4 Literature The Pakistani literature comes after the India Pakistan partition. Basic main two types of literature, urdu literature and English literature of south Asia over a period of time. A body of literature became unique and Pakistan has emerged in nearly all major languages of Pakistan is Urdu, English, Punjabi, Pashto, Seraiki, Balochi and Sindhi. Pakistani academy of letter is the main official platform of Pakistani literature. 4.5 Poetry Poetry is art and profession in Pakistan. It was originated in Persian empire. After the independence poetry is written in Urdu language and also regional language. Faiz ahmad is considered to have been Pakistans greatest poet. Pakistan is known as land of poetry And nearly all Pakistani has written some poetry. 4.6 Performing arts 4.6.1 Music The Pakistani music has a large variety, folk and traditional music are famous in Pakistan, such as Qawwali and Gazal Gayaki in to modern forms synchronization of Qawwali and western music is popular. In addition Pakistan is home of many folk singers like as the late Alam Lohar, who is well known in Indian Punjab, The entrance of Afghan refugees in the west provinces has rekindled Pashto and Persian music and they established Peshawar a hub for Afghan musicians and a centre for distribution Afghan music abroad. 4.6.2 Dances Kathak is a classical dance developed in the Mughal era and other folk dances are Bhangada, Luddi, Sammi of Punjab, Lewa, chap of Baluchistan, Attan and Khattak of Khyber and Dhammal, Ho jamalo, Jumro of sindh. 4.6.3 Drama and theatre There are very similar to stage plays in theatre. They are performed in the lollywood industry. Lollywood industry is the Pakistans film industry but Bollywood movies of India are also most popular in Pakistan. Entertainment The television board of Pakistan is called Pakistan Television Corporation and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation were the dominant media outlets, but there are now numerous private television channels in the media. Various American, European, and Asian television program and films are available to the most of the Pakistani population via private Television Network, cable, and satellite television for entertainment. There are also small film industries based in Lahore and Peshawar. Although Bollywood films have been prohibited from being played in public cinemas since 1965, Indian film stars are yet generally popular among Pakistans people due to the fact that Pakistanis are easily able to purchase Bollywood films from local shops for private home watching. But recently Pakistan allowed some Bollywood films to be shown in cinemas. 4.7 Visual arts 4.7.1 Graphic arts In Pakistan there are a large variety of graphic art for example hand painted clay products, hand design for Baltik products and block painting which called Ajrak. Pakistani vehicle art is a popular folk art. Painting Muslims brought with them the artistic traditions of Baghdad when they came in to south part of Asia. In the starting era the walls and roofs of palaces, forts and other buildings were decorated with pictoral and floral painting and designs. Gradually art of the painting gained firm ground. Mughal emperors were loving of paintings. Humayun brought with him two Persian painters for the painting of him, Mir Syed Tabrezi and Khawaja Abdul Samad. They adorned the story of Amir Hamza was pictorially rendered through paintings by these luminaries. During the period of Akbar the number of painters in the palace increased manifold. This helped and support the art of paintings. The matching of colours reached its top. The painters rendered pictorial copies of many a book and their fine paintings decorated a number of important public buildings and important places. Jahangir was a great expert and admirer of painting art. He could gave the name of the painter by looking at his painting. During that days the art of painting reached its climax. Beautiful plants, flowers, animals, birds and natural scenes were painted by the Jahangirs Painter. The paintings of battle scenes, sieges and animal fights was painted with realism and unparalleled attraction in the painting. The art of painting has developed slowly-slowly in the Muslim of south part Asia. In the starting decorative paintings and embroidery were made on the walls and ceilings of buildings and forts. The Mughal rulers were very fond of paintings. The traditional art of painting occupies a prominent place in the hearts of the people of Pakistan. Abdul Rehman Ghugtai, Haji Mohammad Sharif, Jamil Nagshare are the most famous painters. 4.7.2 Calligraphy Love and devotion for calligraphy is the reflection of love and faith of the Muslims Quran writing good and stylish has been popular amongst the Muslim for all the times in Pakistan. Mehmood Ghaznavi and Aurangzeb, alamgir were the master of calligraphy. 4.8 Food 95% population of Pakistan is Muslims so there are main two types of food customs that are followed in daily life. One fact is that Muslim dont eat pork therefore chicken, fish, lamb and beef are the general food. And second fact is that during the Ramadan month fasting is a daily activity of people. Spices and curries are main part of any Pakistani recipe. Spices uses in the daily life are chili powder, turmeric, black and red pepper, saffron, cumin seed, paprika, ginger, bay leaf, coriander, cloves, cinnamon, garlic, nutmeg and poppy seed. Because of use of spice and curry the side dish of Pakistan is plain rice, in the south part of the country food is more exotic and highly spiced. Food does play a role on many occasions. Such event if the Eid-ul-azha, Muslims who can afforded it are required to sacrifices a sheep, go at, camel or cow giving to god. The meat of the sacrificed animal is separated in to three equal parts; first one is donated to the poor, second given to relatives and friends, And third is cooked at home. Eating the meat is the part of celebration in the Pakistan. Pakistani cuisine is the lesser known food of the sub-continent and is rich in tradition, full of marvelous and diverse dishes. Pakistan was created in 1947 when India was partitioned and has a predominantly Muslim population. Although Pakistan is relatively new, the cuisine has developed many more years and incorporates elements from its neighbours India, Afghanistan and Iran. The varied regions also means there are a whole range of different foods from the fertile valleys and the sea of Sindh province; to pastoral Baluchistan, from neighboring Iran; to the Punjab with its five rivers and the rugged North West Frontier. Lunch A characteristic of Pakistani lunch is it consists of meat curries or lentils along with rice. Breads like as roti or naan they are regularly served for dinner but have become general during the day so that rice perhaps served for dinner. Popular dishes are including aloo gosht or any vegetable with mutton. Chicken dishes are like chicken karahi and chicken korma this dishes are also popular. on the other hand, People who live near the main rivers they also eat fish for lunch, which is sometimes cooked in the tandoori style. Roadside food stalls often sell just lentils and tandoori roti, or masala stews with chapatis. Dinner Dinner is considered as the main meal of the day in the whole family member gathers for the occasion. Food which requires more preparation and which is spicier are prepared. Lentils are also a dinner time staple. These foods are served with roti or naan along with pickle, yogurt and salad. The dinner may sometimes be followed by fresh fruit, or on festive occasions, traditional desserts like shahi tukray, gajraila, kheer, qulfi, gulab jamun, or ras malai. Snacks Pakistani snacks are comprising food items in Pakistan that are easy to prepare, spicy, usually fried, and eaten in the evening or early morning with tea, coffee or with any one of the meals as a side-dish. A given snack may be part of their local culture, and its preparation and/or reputation can vary from place to place. These snacks are often prepared and sold by hawkers on railway stations, footpaths, and other such places like bus station although they may also be served at restaurants and hotels. Some typical snacks are dahi bhala, chana masala, chaat, papar, and pakora. Others include katchauri, samosas, pakoras-either neem pakoras or besan pakoras, vegetable or beef, gol gappay, bhail puri or daal seu and egg rolls. Nuts, such as pistachios and pine nuts, are also often eaten at home in Pakistan. Main dishes of Pakistan Pulses There are various kinds of pulses, or legumes, make up an significant part of the Pakistani dishes. While daal and Channa are popular ingredients in home style cooking, they are usually considered to be an inexpensive source of food. Because of this reason, they are in general not served to guests who are invited for dinner or during special occasions. Combining meat with lentils and pulses, whether in simple preparations or in elaborate dishes such as haleem, is also a distinctively Pakistani touch not commonly seen in neighboring India where a substantial number of its population are vegetarians. Barbeque and Kebabs Meat and grilled meat has played major role in Pakistan region for centuries. Sajji is a Baluchi dish comes from Western Pakistan, made of lamb with spices that has also become popular in the many part of country. Another Balochi meat dish involves building a large outdoor fire and slowly cooking chickens. The chickens are placed on skewers which are staked into the ground in close proximity to the fire, so that the radiant heat slowly cooks the chickens. Kebabs are a staple item in Pakistani food today, and one can find various varieties of kebabs all over the country. Each region has its own different varieties of kebabs but some like the Shami kebab, Seekh kebab, and Chicken Tikka are especially popular varieties all over the country. Generally, kebabs from Balochistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa tend to be identical to the Afghan style of barbecue, with coriander and salt being the only seasoning used. Regional kebab recipes come from Karachi and the wider Sindh region is famous for their spicy kebabs, usually marinated in a mixture of spices, lemon juice and yoghurt. Barbecued food is also popular in some cities of Pakistans Punjab such as Lahore, Gujranwala and Sialkot. Al-Hamra Restaurant and Bundu Khan kebab House are famous in Pakistan for their taste and variety of kebabs. Kebab houses are one of the most profitable food businesses in Pakistan. Rice dishes Pakistan is a major exporter and consumer of rice and its items. Basmati rice is the most popular type of rice consumed in Pakistan. Dishes are made with rice include many varieties of pulao like as: Maash pulao A sweet and sour pulao baked with mung beans, apricots and bulghur. Yakhni pulao Meat and stock added. Creates a brown rice. Matar pulao Pulao made with peas. Biryani is a popular dish in Pakistan and has many varieties such as Lahori and Sindhi biryani. Tahiri, which is also a form of vegetarian biryani, is also popular. All of the main dishes are eaten together with bread. To eat, a small fragment of bread is torn off with the right hand and used to scoop and hold small portions of the main dish. Pickles made out of carrots, lemon, mangoes, etc. are also commonly used to further spice up the food. 4.9 Marriage In Pakistan marriage is known as Nikah in these is formal legal document is signed by the bride and groom among of several family members or witness these establish that the couple is legally married. The other Muslim marriage tradition known as Mayun or Lagan which take place four or five days before the marriage and it starts with the bridge retiring to a secluded area of home. Before the one day of marriage there is a menhdi ceremony, in this ceremony brides hands and feet are painted with menhdi its also known as heena. 4.10 Dress In Pakistan different parts lave different physical features and climates. Hence cultured differences found between the people of hills and land. The national dress of the Pakistan is shalwar qameez for both men and women. There is two type of version of shalwar qameez are available one is light cotton version for summer and second one is heavier wool version for winter, the other dresses are sherwani and achkan. Mens Clothing Men all over Pakistan prefer shalwar kameez with additional accessories which include Pakistani Achkan, Waistcoat and Sherwani with the shalwar kameez and with Churidar Pajama. Jinnah Cap, Fez it also called Rumi Topi and Taqiyah is used with Shalwar Kameez. Khussa is a popular foot wear of men with shalwar kameez. Men are like to wear traditional shawls made of Pashmina and other warm materials especially in North part of the Pakistan. In regional clothing, Balochi people wear shalwar kameez of thick cloth with very wide shalwar for prevent themselves from the hot wind of dry Sulaiman Range and Desert. They wear Balochi turban made of a very long cloth, generally in white color for prevent their head from sun rays.Sindhi people wear shalwar kameez with traditional Sindhi cap and Ajrak of beautiful designs of embroidery which are made locally. Womens Clothing Shalwar Kameez The most favorite dressing of Pakistani women is shalwar kameez which is comes in different styles, colors and designs. It is comes with different shirt length, sleeve length, necklines and different types of shalwars like patiala salwar, churidar pajama and simple trouser. Kurta is also wear by women which are in latest designs. Dupatta is an necessary part of shalwar kameez and considered a symbol of womans respect.It is used with different embroidery designs. Other Traditional Dresses Pakistani women have very large variety of traditional dresses additional than Shalwar Kameez but they mostly wear them at special occasions like Wedding, Engagement, Mehndi and other ceremonies. Among these dresses Saris are very popular and its each design and color seems unique from the other. Like Gharara, Farsi payzama, Dhoti, Lahenga style sari etc. Regional Clothing In regional clothing, Balochi women prefer to wear heavy embroided Shalwar Kameez and Dupatta according to the weather conditions of country. They also wear Kameez full of heavy Embroided Shisha work. Sindhi costumes have different styles and some women use Ajrak as Dupatta. these women also wear bangles with clothing in their traditional way. Punjabi prefers lite embroidery on simple Shalwar Kameez and Kurta. Traditional Lacha and Bangles are also used with clothing. Paranda is the special traditional, colorful and unique Punjabi item which is used to tie the hair of women. Pathan women wear Kameez with a farak with a Dupatta. Religious Clothing Womens religious clothing we indicate the dressing in which they try to cover all their body parts except their face and hands while they go outside from their home. Generally women cover their heads with Dupatta or Chadar in outdoors but religious women prefer to wear Scarf, Burqa and Hijab and wear lose, long and full sleeve shirts. 4.11 Festival Name of festival Celebration time Activity Shab-e-Barat 14th of Shaaban, the 8th Islamic month Prayers, fireworks, exchange of sweet dishes and visits Eid-ul-Fitr end of fasting month on 1st of Shawwal, the 10th month of Islamic Calendar prayer after sun-rise, exchange of sweet dishes, visits Sibi Festival Last week of February Traditional sports, handicrafts exhibition, folk music and dances Sindh Horse Cattle Show Last week of February Traditional sports, handicrafts exhibition, folk music and dances Jashan-e-Larkana Last week of February Traditional sports, exhibition of handicrafts, folk music and dances Bassant mid February every year Pakistan Day 23 March Military parade at provincial capitals and Islamabad Mela Chiraghan (Festival of lamps) Last week of March Held for one week outside Shalimar Gardens, Lahore Horse Cattle Show End of March till 1st week of April Local games, folk dances, music, cattle races and exhibition of local handicrafts Jashan-e-Shikarpur In April for 01 week Cultural activities, local sports and handicrafts exhibition Eid-ul-Azha 10 Zilhaj, 12th month of Islamic Calendar prayers after sun set, sacrifice of goats, sheep, cows or camels and distribution of meat among relatives, friends and poor Joshi or Chilimjusht 14-15 May Folk dances, music and exchange of dishes Shandur Polo Festival Utchal 15-16 July Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi 12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal the 3rd month of Islamic Calendar Independence Day 14 August Meeting, processions, rallies, decorations and illustrations all over the country Defense of Pakistan Day 6 September exhibitions of military equipment Air force Day 7 September Display of latest aircraft of Pakistan Air force and air show Phool 20 25 September Reaping grapes and walnuts, dancing and singing Lok Mela 1st week of October, for one week Folk Music, songs, music contests, folk dances, craftsmen at work, exhibition and sale of handicrafts Chowma 18-21 October Welcoming of winter with first snow-fall Birthday of Allama Muhammad Iqbal 09 November Singing a National Poet 4.12 Sport The national sport of Pakistan is hockey the hockey is traditionally it had been played almost exclusively in the western province of Baluchistan, but the cricket is the most popular sport in Pakistan. There are many games played in Pakistan which reflected cultural identity. Wrestling, hockey, cricket, basket ball kabaddi and squash are some of the games played all over the country at the international level Pakistan have competed many times at summer Olympics in failed hockey, boxing athletics, swimming and shooting. 4.13 Etiquettes in Pakistan In Pakistan, Culture of Pakistan is Islamic but Pakistan also has their cultural etiquette based generally on South Asias influence, like as British. Culture of Pakistan is rich and vibrant. Guests will find their hosts to be polite and friendly. English is largely spoken in major cities such as Karachi, Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Lahore and other business community. Pakistan is an especially understanding place despite its governance upon Islam. Guests should note that there is a large cultural and economic gap between the social classes in country. Over the past decade, the middle class of country in particular has been precious by Pakistans economic and political disturbance, but it is still fast increasing. It is best, however not compulsory for guests to have a local host who can assist and accompany them right through their trip. The new etiquette in Pakistan is a combination of western and eastern part etiquette as Pakistan people are very much attracted to the western and east ern norms and values. 4.13.1 Introduction and Greetings People of who are opposite sex do not shake hands when they meet each other. It is sometimes common among men when shaking hands. In urban are Sindh and in other parts of the country, men and women usually lower their head and lift their hand to their forehead to make the adab gesture when giving greeting each other. When being launch to elders or strangers while seated it is customary to get up its a sign of respect. Generally, women who are know each other they kiss and hug as greeting while men who know each other they often hug each other as a form of welcome Pakistanis take their time during greetings and ask about the persons health and their family. It is also general for a Pakistani to reply well or Thank God when asked about their health even if you are visiting them at a hospital. Same as, it is common to say Allah ka shuker hai or Alhamdulillah as an answer to any inquiry about persons health, family or business condition regardless of actualities. 4.13.2 Dress Pakistan is a country where women rights are generally protected and women are generally respected. This is due to the governance of Islamic laws because it awards high status to the women. Pakistanis hold their women in high esteem and protect them from outside. 4.13.3 Gift Giving It is usual to take a gift if you are taken to persons home. The gift is generally Pakistans sweets, chocolates and flowers. Do not give white flowers as gift because they are used in weddings. Do not give alcoholic items and any other alcohol. Gifts are not open again of the provider. Gifts are given and taken with both hands. It is usual to receive a gift showing pleasure and respect even one doesnt like the provider. 4.13.4 Business Meetings English is generally spoken and understood in Pakistan. The local language is called Pakistani English. Appointments are required and should be made, in writing, 3 to 4 weeks in advance, although meetings with private companies can often be arranged with less number of notice. The best time to schedule meetings is at the morning or afternoon. If at all possible, try not to schedule meetings during Ramadan month. The workday is reduced, and since Muslims fast, they will not be able to offer you tea, which is a sign of unfriendliness. You should arrive at meetings on proper time, but be prepared.

The Jerks From North Kitsap :: Free Essay Writer

The Jerks From North Kitsap November 14, 1999: What must have been the worst day in racing history, an entire cross country team was lost and found dead 21 miles off course by the Pacific Ocean. Here is the story of what was once thought to have been the best X-Country team ever. NK Runner: (Heading to police car) "I swear I didn't think they'd do it! It was just a joke. I mean, who in god's name would go that far of course anyway!? I'm innocent I tells ya. INNOCENT!" Police Man: Why did you tell them to run a different route, son? Why did you point them in the wrong direction? NK Runner: It wasnt't just me. It was my whole team. We didn't think they'd go where we pointed. We didn't actually think they'd run to Bear Cove for cryin' out loud. We all had a good laugh when we watched the entire PA team go the wrong way, but had no idea it would lead to this. Police Man: Lead to this indeed. The whole team was ripped apart by bears. How could you pull such a deceitful act, son? NK Runner: It was just a joke..... Throughout the day, runner by runner was interviewed. Everybody who was on the premesis was asked why such an incident could occur. "The Jerks From NK" was the conclusive result. Hated in just about every sport, NK had told the PA team to run down the wrong path, so PA did. This journal was found at Bear Cove. A journal you ask? Yes, PA had a journalist go along for the run with them. A former X-Country man himself, he'd pause to write, and then he'd run to catch up. Weird, yes, but everyone in town wanted to know what made the team keep on going. Here's a few inserts from the journal. We really must be ahead of the pack now for we have not seen another runner in sight for the longest time. It's been 4 miles and we're still the only ones around. We just got done pausing for a break because we think something's a little bit fishy. Ever since those NK guys pointed us down this trail we haven't seen a soul. We're starting to get tired but we'll keep trecking on. Signing off. 20 more minutes of running and still nobody in sight. The Jerks From North Kitsap :: Free Essay Writer The Jerks From North Kitsap November 14, 1999: What must have been the worst day in racing history, an entire cross country team was lost and found dead 21 miles off course by the Pacific Ocean. Here is the story of what was once thought to have been the best X-Country team ever. NK Runner: (Heading to police car) "I swear I didn't think they'd do it! It was just a joke. I mean, who in god's name would go that far of course anyway!? I'm innocent I tells ya. INNOCENT!" Police Man: Why did you tell them to run a different route, son? Why did you point them in the wrong direction? NK Runner: It wasnt't just me. It was my whole team. We didn't think they'd go where we pointed. We didn't actually think they'd run to Bear Cove for cryin' out loud. We all had a good laugh when we watched the entire PA team go the wrong way, but had no idea it would lead to this. Police Man: Lead to this indeed. The whole team was ripped apart by bears. How could you pull such a deceitful act, son? NK Runner: It was just a joke..... Throughout the day, runner by runner was interviewed. Everybody who was on the premesis was asked why such an incident could occur. "The Jerks From NK" was the conclusive result. Hated in just about every sport, NK had told the PA team to run down the wrong path, so PA did. This journal was found at Bear Cove. A journal you ask? Yes, PA had a journalist go along for the run with them. A former X-Country man himself, he'd pause to write, and then he'd run to catch up. Weird, yes, but everyone in town wanted to know what made the team keep on going. Here's a few inserts from the journal. We really must be ahead of the pack now for we have not seen another runner in sight for the longest time. It's been 4 miles and we're still the only ones around. We just got done pausing for a break because we think something's a little bit fishy. Ever since those NK guys pointed us down this trail we haven't seen a soul. We're starting to get tired but we'll keep trecking on. Signing off. 20 more minutes of running and still nobody in sight.

Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay

Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Young Goodman Brown   Ã‚  Ã‚   In "Young Goodman Brown," Nathaniel Hawthorne, through the use of deceptive imagery, creates a sense of uncertainty that illuminates the theme of man's inability to operate within a framework of moral absolutism.   Within every man there is an innate difference between good and evil and Hawthorne's deliberate use of ambiguity mirrors this complexity of human nature. Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown, is misled by believing in the perfectibility of humanity and in the existence of moral absolutes. According to Nancy Bunge, Hawthorne naturally centers his story upon a Puritan protagonist to convey the "self-righteous" that he regards as the "antithesis of wisdom"(4). Consequently, Young Goodman Brown is unable to accept the indefinable vision of betrayal and evil that he encounters in the forest. The uncertainty of this vision, enhanced by Hawthorne's deliberate, yet effective, use of ambiguity, is also seen in the character of Faith, the shadows and darkness of the forest , and the undetectable boundaries that separate nightmarish dreams from reality.    The ambiguity surrounding Young Goodman Brown's wife, Faith, immediately becomes apparent at the story's beginning. As Young Goodman Brown is leaving his comfortable and reverent Puritan home to embark upon this mysterious journey, Faith unexpectedly plunges her "pretty head into the street" allowing the wind to tousle and "play with the pink ribbons of her cap"(1199). Hawthorne uses natural imagery, such as the image of the wind "playing" with Faith's pink ribbons, to convey Faith's attachment to nature; the dark and mysterious part of life that is somewhere outside the constraints of Puritan society. In fact, the image... ...rne: A Study of Short Fiction. Ed. Nancy Bunge.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993. 136-41. Bunge, Nancy. Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Study of Short Fiction. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993. Dolis, John. The Style of Hawthorne's Gaze. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1993. Elder, Marjorie J. Nathaniel Hawthorne: Transcendental Symbolist. Ohio: Ohio UP, 1969. Fogle, Richard Harter. "Hawthorne's fiction: The Light and the Dark." Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Study of Short Fiction. Ed. Nancy Bunge. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993. 133-35 Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown." Norton Anthology of American Literature. Vol1. Ed. Nina Baym, et al. New York: Norton, 1994. 1198-1207. Millington, Richard H. Practicing Romance. New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1992. Ponder, Melinda M. Hawthorne's Early Narrative Art. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990.

Cuban Missile Crisis: The Brink of Global Nuclear War Essay -- History

Cuban Missile Crisis: The Brink of Global Nuclear War The Cuban Missile Crisis had a huge impact on society even years after it was resolved because the incident had brought our nation and the world so close to the brink of nuclear war. Before the Cuban Missile Crisis had occurred, many other factors had been piling up and building undesirable tensions between many countries. Along the way new allies and enemies were made causing more stress to the Cold War. The new bonds that formed after Cuba was taken over by Fidel Castro pushed nuclear war to the very edge. Many changes in Cuba caused tensions to mount between the United States, Cuba, and Russia. At the time before the Bay of Pigs incident, Cuba had a corrupt dictator that ruled the people without giving them much freedom. President Fulgencio Batista was an ally to the United States because American companies that were based in Cuba did not have many restrictions. Many wealthy Americans owned plantations on the island of Cuba because of the lack of restrictions. This all changed in 1959 when Fidel Castro took over. Castro wanted to limit American influence and cut ties with the United States. Castro quickly made attempts to be allies with the Soviets. For Castro's attempt to woo the Soviets, the United States stopped the importing of sugar from Cuba. Cuba's economy would have suffered terribly if they could not find a buyer. The Soviets agreed to buy all of the sugar. After this the United States cut off all relations with Cuba. The United States and Cuba were no l onger allies even though they were only separated by a mere 100 miles. While the Cold War loomed over the heads of the world, the President of the United States tried to think of way... ...ry.navy.mil/faqs/faq90-1.htm>. Naval Historical Center, 1993. "Cuban Missile Crisis - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum." John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. . Web. . Web. through . Web. Pike, John. â€Å"Cold War in the 1960s†. 2012. ops/cold-war-1960s.htm>. Web. â€Å"Limited Test Ban Treaty.† U.S. Department of State. January 22, 2012. . Sting. "Russians." The Dream of the Blue Turtles. A & M Records, 1985. Vinyl. Berkin. Making America : A History of the United States. Wadsworth, 2012. P. 354

Chaucer’s Prologue To The Canterbury Tales Essay

Dave Tagatac English III Dec. 1, 2000 Canterbury Tales Essay #1 In Geoffrey Chaucer’s Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, there was a Friar to accompany the party traveling to Canterbury. Hubert, as he was called, embodied the traits from which friars were expected to keep their distance. Chaucer is successful in using this white-necked beggar to bring to the readers mind corruption, wealth, greed, and lechery, all hypocritical and immoral characteristics for a man of the church to possess. Although he is a merry man, full of joy and â€Å"wantonness†, these are mere irrelevancies when assessing Hubert’s value of character as a friar. Throughout Chaucer’s description of the Friar in the Prologue, Hubert’s corruption is evident. Probably the Friar’s greatest evil is suggested early in his description and mentioned several times more. When Hubert would marry a couple, he would give each â€Å"Of his young women what he could afford her.† The sexual connotation of this statement is enforced by the fact that â€Å"He kept his tippet stuffed with pins for curls, / And pocket-knives, to give to pretty girls.† Other evidence of corruption, although not as reprehensible as the defiance of celibacy, includes Hubert’s failure to befriend the â€Å"lepers, beggars, and that crew,† to whom friars were intended to be nearest. The narrator explains that their lack of money makes their friendship simply a waste of the Friar’s time. A friar is supposed to be poor, only taking what they need to survive, and giving the rest to those impoverished souls who need it. Hubert, on the other hand, was quite wealthy. I have never known the imbibing of alcohol to be a necessity of life, and yet this friar â€Å"knew the taverns very well in every town / And every innkeeper and barmaid too.† The narrator even states outright that â€Å"his income came / To more than he laid out.† Yet another extraneous possession for a friar was the extravagant dress Hubert wore, as contrasted with the rags friars were expected to don. All of these things demonstrate how the Friar, even when obtaining more than he expected, gave very little to the poor, and kept much for himself. This feeling is continued † even augmented † upon examination of Hubert’s greed. â€Å"Highly beloved and intimate was he / With Country folk within his boundary.† As mentioned above, he associated not with the poor, â€Å"But only with the rich and victual-sellers.† Anyone from whom a profit was possible was inherently the Friar’s friend. This greed is indisputable in light of a final piece of evidence. That is that Hubert would actually pay other friars not to beg in his district. Again, these are actions to be frowned upon in any man, let alone a religiously affiliated one. Finally, Hubert can be shown to be a leach, hanging around those from whom he can get money, and depending on them to support his opulent lifestyle. Although he had no permission to hear confession, this was one way for him to make money, and he did not hesitate to utilize it. He even targeted those who weren’t so wealthy in a never-ending quest for monetary gain: â€Å"though a widow mightn’t have a shoe / â€Å" ¦ / He got her farthing from her just the same.† When people of his district had a dispute, the lecherous Friar was there. Hubert could be found taking advantage of any opportunity he could find to make money honestly, or dishonestly. The Friar was well liked, and had a wonderful singing voice, but his contributions to society ended here. He, through his actions, has shown evidence of corruption, immoral opulence, greed to increase this wealth, and a terrible habit of leaching off others. He was considered a man of the church, but he was far from the piety the title â€Å"friar† conveys.

Elektrobit Corporation Essay

Which of recommendations listed in the Manager’s Toolbox were used by Elektrobit Corp? Explain. Below shows some of recommendations of Manager’s Toolbox were used by Elektrobit Corporation :- (i) Elektrobit has recent arrivals to an area share their experiences with newcomers. To inform to the newcomers about what we experienced during all programmes in Elektrobit Corporation. Newcomers can judges companies achievement based on that experiences that we told to them. From there, we can persude newcomers to join us. Therefore, we can enlarge our business. (ii) Elektrobit employees who accept an international assignment have to sign a contract before they leave that spells out their pay, length of stay, and other details of what is expectedof them. To prevent the occurrence of fraud and breach of trust in the company. By signing contract, we can refer to the agreement if any problems stated on above is occur. Therefore, newcomers in the organization will be more diciplined in doing anytypes work given. So, this contract will be a good guidance in their organization and the company will have a good management. (iii) Elektrobit moves an average of 10 people a year between its global offices, spending about 10,000 annually for each of them on relocation expenses, housing for the employee, and any family that go along. The company make sure employees have whatever they need to start working efficiently on arrival. But it also tries to help them settle into their everyday lives outside work. This can prove that the Elektrobit Corporation is very concerned about the welfare of their workers.

Defining the Concept of Voice Through an Assessment of Shakespeares “Twelfth Night” Essay

Defining the Concept of Voice Through an Assessment of Shakespeare’s â€Å"Twelfth Night† Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Literary voice is a multifaceted subject that involves both linguistic and stylistic aspects. The readers and editors often significantly demand the involvement of originality and creativity. The level of creativity is required in the development of lasting and satisfactory understanding of the development of the voice. According to Hunter College Reading/Writing Center common characteristics of ‘voice’ is â€Å"Distinct from the terms persona, narrator and tone, voice is associated with the underlying vision of a writer, her general attitude toward the world.† This paper is a fervently articulates the definition of voice through the linguistic choices of Shakespeare’s in his famous play Twelfth Night in evident through his passion for drama and poetry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The voice when applied in rhetoric it demonstrates the clarity of the visions and thoughts of the writer. Voice is specific to every individual more artistically conveyed in the works of writers. The uniqueness of every piece of writing as a piece of artistic work is subject to the distinct figurative role or a unique commentary of the creator â€Å"writer†. Plays are composed of literal and allegorically unique to develop individuality for the play that is meaningful and captivate. Voice is defined as the distinctive tone or style identifiable of literary work or author.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Twelfth Night demonstrates a tonal play written out to sound like a poem, where there is rhythmic balance in the pronunciation of the lines. Most importantly, the content reflects a unique commentary that speaks beyond what is given in the play. Any individual who is accustomed to the work of William Shakespeare would be able rapidly to detect that Twelfth Night is one of Shakespeare’s works through his techniques of writing. Shakespeare uses a unique combination of writing techniques such as twisted iambic pentameter and soliloquies. At the start of Twelfth Night, Orsino, a Duke, demands if music creates love, then â€Å"Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting† (1.1.2). If music be the food of love, play on; Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting, The appetite may sicken, and so die   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That strain again! it had a dying fall: O, it came o’er my ear like the sweet sound, That breathes upon a bank of violets, Stealing and giving odour! Enough; no more: By using iambic pentameter, Shakespeare defines Orsino’s character to be different from those of different social class. Here, Shakespeare uses iambic pentameter in a distinct way by switching the tones around to create a different tonal pattern. Instead of the regular iambus of one stressed and one unstressed beat (ba-BUM) for ten syllables straight, he makes a modification to some syllables in order to emphasize certain words.SIR TOBY BELCH Approach, Sir Andrew: not to be abed aftermidnight is to be up betimes; and ‘diluculosurgere,’ thou know’st,– In act 2 scene 3, The syntax and the preceding semicolon on the first line direct the stress on give at the beginning, but the resulting pattern is choppy and almost dactylic in its meter. He often uses this technique on characters that had a higher social status in his plays. On the contrary, those characters of a lower status were deemed not to have the leisure to experiment with literature speaking in regular prose or verse. For example, Malvolio, a butler, attempts prose in the beginning but changes to speak in verse like, â€Å"Daylight and champain discovers not more: this is open. I will be proud I will read politic authors,† (2.5.155-157). Iambic pentameter shows control and yet the emphasis here is on the instability and the intensity of class difference. Thus, Shakespeare’s manipulation of regular iambic pentameter to create differential approach to the field of play each character has. This inherently configures a reflection of his unique voice, and this leads readers to think that, in literature, voice is distinct and unique to develop a persona.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another literary device that commonly found in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night is soliloquy, which involves a character speaking his or her thoughts aloud. The ideas conveyed by the actor are a way providing information from Shakespeare own point view on certain situations. In 2.2 of Twelfth Night, Viola, disguised as Cesario, conveys her realization of the mistakes she caused due to her disguise: Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness, Wherein the pregnant enemy does much. How easy is it for the proper-false In women’s waxen hearts to set their forms!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alas, our fraility is the cause, not we, For such as we are made of, such we be. How will this fadge? My master loves her dearly,And I, poor monster, fond as much on him,And she, mistaken, seems to dote on me.What will become of this? As I am man,My state is desperate for my master’s love.As I am woman, now, alas the day,What thriftless sighs shall poor Olivia breathe! (2.2.26–38)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This soliloquy serves a purpose of developing context outside of the literal play. In real life, people don’t typically speak their thoughts aloud when alone. Shakespeare’s use of soliloquy is a active interpretation of what the audience does not yet understood. Thus, the conscious choice to use a soliloquy is representative of Shakespeare’s voice because, it develops Shakespeare’s style of presenting mental or non-visible information to become visible to the audience. Soliloquy adequately conveys the strength of Shakespeare to back audience into the scene of play through understanding of the event. Secondly, it develops in a way where Cesario is aware of the whole plot and takes on a role in knowledge as an audience. Furthermore, this foreshadows of how there will be a conclusion to untie this lie, and chaos Viola has created through her disguise. These complex ideas are voices for Shakespeare’s readers to notice through his voice beyond the literal sound of the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A complex idea beyond the authentic voice of the play also develops the style that is distinct to Shakespeare. In the same scene, Shakespeare also personifies the concept of a â€Å"disguise† to render a style of narration. Shakespeare uses apostrophe, and aside or address inanimate objects as though they are alive. For example Cesario concludes that â€Å"Time,† which she addresses as a character, must unravel this madness, as she cannot undo Olivia’s confusion, â€Å"O, Time, thou must unravel this, not I† (2.2.39). In this soliloquy, Caesario highlights the weakness of women, the subjectivity of love and the conflicts presented by appearance versus reality. The use of monologue, apostrophe and iambic pentameter in combination create Shakespeare’s voice. It sets his writing apart from other writers who present a similar plot. For example, Ewon Leslie’s She’s the Man incorporates scenarios from Twelfth Night but is written in an entire different voice and style. Both presenting a story plot of a woman in disguise of men creating a chaotic love web, She’s the Man, is different as the literal voice was of modern English. Which does not use poetry, soliloquy, nor personification. Through examining Shakespeare’s use of personification and soliloquy, audiences can see that idea of voice is unique on its own and cannot be imitated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In fact, it is not only a unique concept to developing a figurative voice for Shakespeare, but also a voice in writing. â€Å"It is one of the last of the Elizabethan comedies†¦reflecting the anxieties and uncertainties of its historical moment,† and â€Å"first seventeenth century comedy, and is in many ways a beginning -of-century play, inaugurating a new poetics: some commentators have been it as the first of the ‘ dark comedies’† (Elam 2). This explained through his scene, which prepares us for dramatic irony when Maria, Sir Andrew, and Sir Toby write the letter to Malvolio, under the pretence of Olivia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maria   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I will drop in his way some obscure epistles of love; wherein, by the colour of his beard, the shape of his leg, the manner of his gait, the expressure of his eye, forehead, and complexion, he shall find himself most feelingly personated. I can write very like my lady your niece: on a forgotten matter we can hardly make distinction of our hands. As we, the audiences are aware of the deception, because Malvolio himself is not aware of it when he finds and reads the letter during Act 2, Scene 5. Presuming the letter is for him, and from Olivia, he proceeds to embarrass himself. This structure of the voice develops as Shakespeare style in dramatic irony where the audience becomes important to the play. Voice here holds a distinct figurative role to incorporate audience into understanding voice of Shakespeare. A further technique that is commonly used by Shakespeare and is, therefore, representative of his voice concerns the way in which he in corporates the audience into play. According to Keir Elam, Twelfth Night, â€Å"pleasures and trials of spectatorship† (Elam 3). By having spectatorship and asking audience for appraisal, establishes the use of dramatic irony. Audience is present and indulging in the same space as the characters through the lines: Sir An. Here comes the fool, i’ faith. Look, here comes a fool. Fes. How now, my hearts! Did you never see the picture of ‘We Three’? Hello, my friends! What a pretty picture, three fools all together. Sir To. Welcome, ass. Now let’s have a catch. (2.3.12-17) Taking this even further, Shakespeare typically uses a fool to breaks the fourth wall. The fool is present in this piece as he is in many of Shakespeare’s plays; for example, Puck in A Midsummer Night’s Dream invites the audience to be with them. This analysis of the way Shakespeare uses tone, mood, style and figurative techniques through the fool to demonstrate his thin king and logic provides further insights reflecting his personality and ability to manipulate what is perceived. However, in She’s the Man, a movie that â€Å"relate only to the plot of the work, the poetry and character being all his own† (Hudson 8), the fool is the audience (not a character). The story presented in She’s the Man has every potential to be another copy of Twelfth Night because it shares a similar plot. Referencing stories outside set Twelfth Night apart from She’s the Man, such as that Twelfth Night’s â€Å"setting of the play, Illyria , as an exotic and unfamiliar location associated with literary romance, lyricism, and illusion,† (Entland, 149). However, the way it is written, its voice, sets it aside from Twelfth Night, which was very much a play written for characters to perform.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This leads the audience to form the conclusion that voice is something that is expressed and received by the initiator and a receptor. As such, it was important for Shakespeare to develop a style that was unique to him as, through his writing, he expressed himself: his voice was an extension of his thoughts, feelings and emotions. Through using a combination of technique and language, Shakespeare’s voice conveys his opinions, likes, and interests to set up the mood.In fact, the place cannot be found because it is a myth. Thus, voice become unique in bringing the reader to notice outside information that interests the author. Another interesting concept that is presented through the voice of Twelfth Night is the social classicism turn around and move to talking about Shakespeare’s voice of who he is.. In Twelfth Night, the characters fail to adhere to social expectations: â€Å" how community diagnoses madness when a person f ails to perform his known identity†¦ member of a particular class as well†(Schiffer 234). Rise of people who will form the bourgeoisie class matter due to crumbling of aristocrats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The play contains a trick on a set of individuals who think they are exercising power and control. Malvolio, a mere butler, perceives himself to be superior to Toby, an alcoholic aristocrat and Maria, a servant. Toby, though an aristocrat, does not exhibit much power initially, but in the end does have most of the power. Toby and Maria’s letters ultimately drive Malvolio out of control. This demonstrates the modernist revolution in the arts during the late Renaissance in the service of the avant-garde. And possibly reflect Shakespeare’s stance in studies was open to movements such as structuralism and feminism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to the literal elements of Shakespeare’s voice that are described in the lines of Act 2 Scene 2, there are also figurative aspects that set his work apart from that of other playwrights and authors. According to Christine Ashby, a language researcher, the production of voice and its use as a tool are separate from the thinking of the individual. Figurative voice represents the voice of the person expressed through their idea, concept or logic. Twelfth Night is a play about the â€Å"dramatization of currently fashionable issues such as gender and sexuality† (Elam 2). This adheres to the famous recurring plot that is typical of Shakespeare’s plays as expressed through the idea of a love triangle, star-crossed lovers, where women is deemed to be powerless when it comes to love. For example, Act 2 Scene 2, Viola expresses how women are subjects to love for men. This derives from a larger social commentary outs ide of the play. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through assessing the work of Shakespeare, voice can be both literal and figurative. It reflects the author’s thoughts, desires and provides insights into what the author would like the audience to think, or how he or she would like them to receive the play. Shakespeare’s voice is reflected in his unique style and techniques. The aspects of his work that sets him apart from others work in combination to give his work his voice. Examining Shakespeare’s work has refined definition of voice as an accurate literal sound of the writer, distinct figurative role, a unique commentary. References Ashby, Christine. â€Å"Whose â€Å"Voice† Is It Anyway?: Giving Voice and Qualitative Research Involving Individuals That Type to Communicate.† Disability Studies Quarterly. Syracuse University, 2011. Web. 06 Dec. 2014. . â€Å"Glossary of Literary Terms.† HUNTER COLLEGE READING/WRITING CENTER WRITING FOR ENGLISH COURSES. Ed. Anna C. Rockowitz. Hunter College Reading/Writing Center, 1998. Web. 5 Dec. 2014. . Hudson, Henry N., Rev. Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night; Or, What You Will. Boston: Ginn, 1895. Print. Schiffer, James. Twelfth Night: New Critical Essays. Abingdon, OX: Routledge, 2011. Print. Shakespeare, William, and Elizabeth Story Donno. Twelfth Night, Or, What You Will. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985. Print. Shakespeare, William, and Keir Elam. Twelfth Night, Or, What You Will. London: Arden Shakespeare, 2008. Print. Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night; Or, What You Will. New Haven: Yale UP, 1954. Print. Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night, by William Shakespeare. London: J. M. Dent, 1935. Print. The New Temple Shakespeare. She’s the Man. Dir. Andy Fickman. Prod. Lauren Shuler-Donner and Ewan Leslie. By Ewan Leslie. Perf. Amanda Bynes, Channing Tatum, and Laura Ramsey. DreamWorks Distribution LLC, 2006. â€Å"Voice.† Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2014. . Source document