How Does Dickens Present the Development of Pip’s Character?

The novel Great Expectations follows the story of a young boy, Pip, who realizes his identity as he strives to be above his social class, and shows the development and changes in his character. Pip's personality traits change through interaction with other people in the course of this story. Although Pip was brought up in a harsh and poor background, with a punishing sister, who had brought him up â€Å"by hand†, he was gentle and kind. However, after his encounter with Miss Havisham and Estella, his perception of the world is drastically altered, and along with this so does his character.The reader first sees how sympathetic Pip is when he meets the escaped convict, Magwitch, in the graveyard. Dickens creates a sense of pathos through Pip’s description of Magwitch â€Å"he hugged his shuddering body in both his arms†, which shows that he is in a terrible state and about to literally fall apart. Here Magwitch is portrayed as vulnerable, injured and not very menac ing. This novel is narrated by Pip; therefore it is Pip that is describing Magwitch in a pitiful state. Consequently, Pip does not see Magwitch as a threat; instead he feels sorry for him and is sympathetic.Pip is very brave, as he faced the convict, Magwitch, who was several times his size and many more times as strong, despite being so young. He was even able to talk to him politely, â€Å"If you would kindly please to let me keep upright, sir, perhaps I shouldn’t be sick, and perhaps I could attend more†. Also, instead of fleeing at once, Pip had wished Magwitch goodnight. This takes a certain amount of courage, and also shows that Pip is well-mannered. Furthermore, Pip is curious about Magwitch and cares about him, as he did not run away as soon as he was freed, â€Å"I stopped to look after him†.This shows that Pip was concerned about Magwitch’s wellbeing, as if he was truly scared of Magwitch and was just going to go home to carry out his errand, he would have run straight home. Staying and watching after Magwitch portrays that Pip has a good heart and has a gentle character. Dickens also demonstrates Pip’s capacity for compassion when he returns to Magwitch of his own free will with food, water and a file, when he could have reported him the police. Pip did not bring Magwitch food and water just because he was threatened to do so, but because he wanted to do this.The reader can see this as Pip brings good food and brandy to Magwitch, â€Å"some bread, some rind of cheese, about half a jar of mincemeat†¦ some brandy†¦ a beautiful round compact pork pie†, and not just simple bread and water. This shows that Pip is generous and considerate, willing to risk being discovered by Mrs Joe that he had stolen a pork pie, just for the convict. Pip and Magwitch share an interesting relationship here, where Pip is the loving, nurturing superior, despite the fact that he is younger than Magwitch.This event shows tha t Pip is tender, nurturing, and has a matured character. The turning point in Pip’s life comes after his first visit to Satis house, when he meets Miss Havisham and Estella. After this visit, he is greatly influenced by them and starts to treat himself and his family very differently. Estella, whom Pip falls in love with at once, has a profound effect on Pip, as he soon starts to despise himself and detest the way he acts and looks, â€Å"I had never thought of being ashamed of my hands before; but I began to consider them a very indifferent pair.Her contempt for me was so strong, that it became infectious, and I caught it. † Estella, who is the ‘tool for revenge’ of Miss Havisham, is the character which causes Pip to start hating himself and wish he was more like Estella than the person he is now. Therefore, Pip has become more self-critical of himself, as he disapproves of his own appearance and behaviour. Pip’s desire for advancement largely over shadows his basic goodness. Not only is Pip changing his attitude towards himself, but also towards his family and friends.He echoes Estella’s words precisely when he is evaluating Joe one day, â€Å"how common Estella would consider Joe, a mere blacksmith: how thick his boots, and how coarse his hands. † This further enforces how Pip aspires to be like Estella, as he is trying to speak like her and share the same views. Also, Joe is a father-figure to Pip, as he tries to protect Pip from his wife's angry outbursts, â€Å"Joe and I being fellow-sufferers, and having confidences as such, Joe imparted a confidence to me†. However, now Pip is looking down on Joe, who was a friend, a brother and a father to him.As well as disapproving Joe, Pip even blames him to an extent for his behaviours, â€Å"I determined to ask Joe why he had ever taught me to call those picture-cards, Jacks, which ought to be called knaves. I wished Joe had been rather more genteelly brought up, and then I should have been so too. † This is quite rude and disrespectful, as Joe had always been kind to Pip. It is not Joe’s fault to have been born into a poor, lower class family and for Pip to blame Joe in such a way is very unfair. Therefore Pip is starting to become ungrateful and snobbish, even to his nearest and dearest. Pip is ashamed now f the life he leads and with whom he leads it with, as he mentions several times that he is â€Å"ashamed of home†. Initially, Pip had many wonderful images of home, â€Å"I had believed in the front door, as a mysterious portal of the Temple of State whose solemn opening was attended with a sacrifice of roast fowls†¦ I had believed in the forge as the glowing road to manhood and independence. † However, he follows this by saying how embarrassed and unhappy he is of his home when he says, â€Å"Now, it was all coarse and common, and I would not have had Miss Havisham and Estella see it on any account . This shows that Miss Havisham and Estella have changed his perception of his quality of life, from believing that he lived in a wonderful world, to believing that he led a worthless life. Pip has changed from being content with living a simple life, to being constantly desiring to improve his status and impressing Estella. As a character, Pip has developed from being a humble, kind boy with an innate goodness about him, into a young man who falls madly in love with Estella, to such an extent where he would do anything to win her over and that it blinds him from everything else.He disapproves of his family and hurts those around him, including himself. As a character, however, Pip’s hopes of a higher position in society often leads him to perceive the world rather narrowly, thinking that by thinking and acting like an upper class individual would automatically make him accepted in those ranks. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that Pip at heart is a very generous and sy mpathetic young man, with an inborn moral nature.

How Japanese Shinto Related with Business Essay

The word Shinto was adopted from the written Chinese (ç ¥Å¾Ã© â€œ, pinyin: shà ©n dà  o), combining two words: â€Å"shin† (ç ¥Å¾?), meaning â€Å"spirit†Ã¢â‚¬ gods† or kami; and â€Å"tÃ… Ã¢â‚¬  (é â€œ?), meaning a philosophical path or study This is about â€Å" the study of Kami†, what is KAMI? Kami are defined in English as â€Å"spirits†, â€Å"essences† or â€Å"deities†, there are many ways to understanding this; in some cases being human-like, can be animals, and more abstract nature power in the world (mountains, rivers, lightning, wind, waves, trees, rocks). Shinto believers consider Kami and people are not separate; they exist within the same world and share its interrelated space. According to a history biography, one fact need to be emphasized, that is among all the things, not only the good, kind positive ones are the kami†, those what are evil, strange, or extremely horrible things are also referred to as GODS. History During 5 to 8 century AD, after absorbing Chinese Confucian and buddhist doctrine, Shinto had became a fairly complete system, After Meiji Restoration, the shinto continue to respect as a state religion, and it also became a government tool to teach people to be loyalty to the emperor. After Japan’s defeat in World War II in 1946, Emperor Hirohito issued a statement to deny his godhead status, which means he admitted that he is not a god, but just a human being, the Allied commander also called for the abolition of State Shinto in Japan, Shinto started to became a folk religion, not a state religion anymore. However, Shinto is still important to the religious people of Japan, accounted for more than 80% of the population are believe in it. Worship and Culture life about Shinto The principal worship of kami is done at public shrines or worship at small home shrines called kamidana (ç ¥Å¾Ã¦ £Å¡, lit. â€Å"god-shelf†). The public shrine is a building or place that functions as a conduit for kami. A fewer number of shrines are also natural places called mori. The most common of the mori are sacred groves of trees, or mountains, or waterfalls. All shrines are open to the public at some times or throughout the year. According to CIA, 83% of the Japanese people were born with a Shinto ceremony and 70% are dies as a Buddhist ceremony. Throughout the life of an ordinary Japanese people, they participated in many of the celebrations as an shintoist, after the 32nd day of a boy was born, and after the 33rd day a girl was born, they will be taken to the shrines of there birth place to do worship, and also when they are at the age 3, and 6,7 will also be take to the shrine to do a formal visit. And in very important days, like New year, other festivals and weddings, Japanese people also visit the kami in the shrine.

Insurance Need for Workers and Citizens within the Drilling Zone Term Paper

Insurance Need for Workers and Citizens within the Drilling Zone - Term Paper Example This paper illustrates that the Texas Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that the death of oil workers increased by 3.2 percent for the period between 2008-2012, to a total of 545. The Houston Chronicle reported that Texas had the highest deaths at 216. The oil and natural gas industry in Texas faces challenges where insurance partners and energy companies will be forced to adapt for them to benefit from emerging opportunities, as well as the changing landscape. Recently, changing relationships, technological advances and global demand have turned natural gas and oil resources that were previously inaccessible into lucrative opportunities. However, it is evident that opportunities bring about risks that have to be prevented or accounted for by the companies. The companies exploiting these new opportunities increase the potential risks of incurring heavy losses. The subsequent strategic, reputational and financial consequences for the companies involved can be significant. As a result, natural gas and oil companies should focus on the price as well as the quality of their insurance cover. Insurance is an efficient tool for mitigating loss and transferring risk. There are various risks that Texas oil exploration industries face which should be covered with insurances. According to Amirbekyan & Stylianos, oil and natural gas fracking activities pose risks to human health. During the fracking process, approximately 600 chemicals are used to drill out natural gas including known carcinogens and toxicants such as radium, methanol, lead, uranium, mercury, formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid. Natural gas producers engage in activities that have a negative effect on the health of the people and drinking water. The extraction and production of natural gas contaminates water and releases poisonous gases into the atmosphere.

Physical Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Physical Education - Essay Example The more the calories spent on the physical activity, the less becomes the risk. This is because, exercise has so many advantages such as regulating blood pressure, lowering cholesterol level, regulating stress levels, improving blood circulation, protection against chronic diseases. The exercise recommended for healthy living is approximately 30-40 minutes of vigorous or non-vigorous physical activity for at least 5 days a week. Studies have proved that long term vigorous exercise training helps in reducing the occurrence of mortality and aids in longevity of life span. Even though non-vigorous exercise training reduces all-cause mortality risks, long term vigorous exercise training increases survival rates and longevity. Age related changes in chromosome changes are slowed down by vigorous exercises. It also increases the function of white blood cells thus giving protection against various diseases. Long term vigorous exercise training helps in controlling and maintaining weight, thus giving protection against diseases such as Cardio Vascular Diseases(CVD), diabetes, stroke, cancer etc. This exercise training is a healthy lifestyle change which helps in reducing mortality and increasing longevity. High Density Lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol is the good cholesterol which cleans out the excess cholesterol adhered to the walls of blood vessels. The excess cholesterol is carried by HDL to the liver for processing. Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL) cholesterol is the bad cholesterol which gets adhered to the walls of the blood vessels. Therefore, the more the HDL cholesterol the less is the risk of coronary art diseases. Regular physical activity of 30 minutes or more helps in increasing the HDL cholesterol level and in decreasing LDL cholesterol levels. To boost the HDL levels, the exercises should be regular and should burn at

Management and Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and Leadership - Assignment Example A. legitimate B. expert C. information D. charismatic E. referent 4. _____power is based on the capacity to control and provide valued rewards to others A. Legitimate B. Referent C. Reward D. Information E. Expert 5. As the sales manager, Kirk supervises the sales people, hands out bonuses to those who surpass quotas that he assigns, allots vacation time, and determines pay raises. To the sales people he manages, Kirk has___ power. A. legitimate B. expert C. award D. charismatic E. referent 6. As the office manager, Pat has the authority to dock someone's pay who got to work late, to suspend workers who are lazy, and to fire workers who are incompetent. In terms of the office personnel, Pat has _____ power. A. legitimate B. expert C. information D. coercive E. referent 7. ____power depends on the ability to punish others when they do not engage in desired behaviour. A. Legitimate B. Charismatic C. Coercive D. Referent E. Reward 8. During the recent power outage, the janitor was the o nly person who could find the steps and help the people on the eighth floor find their way out of the building. To the people on the eighth floor, the janitor had ____power during the blackout. A. legitimate B. expert C. information D. coercive E. referent 9.____ power is based on the possession of expertise that is valued by others A. Legitimate B. Charismatic C. Coercive D. Expert E. ... A. legitimate D. coercive B. expert E. referent C. information 11. ___ power results from being admired, personally identified with, or liked by others. A. Legitimate B. Information C. Coercive D. Referent E. Reward 12. The president of Hatfield Manufacturing Company threatened to fire all of his line personnel if they continued to ignore the new safety regulations. How will the employees most likely react to this threat? A. with resistance B. with commitment C. with agreement D. with submission E. with compliance 13. Jason is a stonemason who has worked on refurbishing the great cathedrals in Europe. He has agreed to help restore the small Gothic church in Hyatt if the workers want him to. Which would describe the most likely response from the other workers? A. Resistance B. commitment C. acceptance D. submission E. compliance 14. Intelligence, appearance, sociability, and extroversion an all examples of __ that may distinguish leaders from non-leaders. A. demographics B. psychograp hics C. personalities D. traits E. profile items 15. Which of the following statements about the study of leadership traits is true? A. Researchers have identified several traits that are associated with individuals who are recognized as leaders by others. B. For the most part, early research studied historical leaders. C. Most management experts believe that performance is more closely related to the traits leaders possess than the things leaders actually do. D. Recent studies have discovered certain traits that can be used in any situation to determine which individuals will be leaders. E. Researchers have always believed that the key to locating leaders was in the study of traits and have never abandoned this line of reasoning. 16. University of

SPEECH #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SPEECH #3 - Essay Example In human society, the reasons for friendship formation may vary from each particular person to another. Each of the reasons must have its own strengths and weakness with regard to people’s perceptions. This discussion will consider the reason that makes the most sense, its strengths and weaknesses, and the most ridiculous reasons for attraction between individuals. Perceived similarity has been considered as the most sensible reason for attraction between individuals. Perceiving that other people possess similar attitudes and beliefs as oneself, encourages interpersonal attraction (Adler and Proctor 271). Those individuals, who share attitudes and characteristics, tend to attract each other, and they usually form strong relationships. It is a common belief that individuals with real similarity develop initial attraction. Due to perceived similarity, people can be rated as similar to others in on-going relationships (Adler and Proctor 271). Such perception can either be a romantic relationship or friendship. Individuals tend to have positive emotions towards other people after recognizing that they have similar attitudes and characteristics. Therefore, similarity is of great importance in human society because people are always in need of others, conforming to their beliefs and values (Adler and Proctor 271). However, perceived similarity has g ot both strengths and weaknesses. Similarity is a very strong factor in enhancing relationships between individuals as people with similar attitudes and characteristics feel motivated to contribute ideas freely to their colleagues (Adler and Proctor 271). However, the extent of similarity between individuals in on-going relationships may change as individuals interact with social and physical factors in the world. Individuals who used to share attitudes, beliefs and other characteristics may possess different attitudes, beliefs

Tang Dynasty Culture Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tang Dynasty Culture Art - Essay Example The animals that were frequently found in Tang ceramics were created using so many molds and then by putting the pieces together and strengthening those areas with clay plugs on the inside to try to reduce strain on the joints. During this period, it was featured with enghlitement in trade and peace with other foreign nations. Evidence of these foreigners is seen in the figures on tombs during this time. Several nationalities were noted in the pottery. Importation of horses also marked this period, and this period was famously known for its horses that were displayed in its funerary artwork (Ebrey, pg. 127)The most common form of pottery that was famous during this time was the globular jars and offering trays that had horizontal rims. Because of the vast nature of china as a country, the ceramics were varying from one region to the other during this period. In the northern central region, the stoneware is seen to be fine, and the common practice was covering it with a thin whitish s lip. In the east and southeast region, the pottery is stouter with short straight spout that is set on the shoulder.During this period, there is also curious interest in the transmutation glaze in which the high-fired stoneware is seen to change its colors to kilns. This is seen especially when the blue or gray place flecks are applied to a dark or brown background that resembles tea-dusk. The dynasty of tang was crucial in the ceramics development and the contribution of clay bodies, glaze techniques and firing methods.

Automobile Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Automobile Industry - Research Paper Example Then Mr. Henry Ford came up with an idea of Car for Every one. With this idea he laid down the foundation of Ford Motor Company and start manufacturing cars at a large scale to reduce price, what we call mass production. New players also entered the market with different products than that of Ford like Mercedes, BMW, and GM. Automobile industry is facing immense competition these days which has shifted manufacturers' concern to reduce their cost. A right balance of input and outputs can give manufacturers the edge which will be helpful for them to increase their sales and their profit margins. All this happens due to the customers' better access to knowledge. These days the customers are better informed compared to the previous days therefore even the decision of an average customer is well informed. Along with being price conscious, customers are also after quality and fuel efficiency. The hiking prices of fuel have asked customers to look for a car with better mileage. The car markets are moving fast into globalization. One can find the best of BMW's car is being driven in India, the Mercedes in America and the Ford in United Arab Emirates. Hence the manufacturers are more looking for ways to have a centralized product research and development centre and manufacturing at lowest rates since the competi tion has enhanced due to globalization. Market Segmentation In terms of customers' buying practice, market can be divided into Fleet buyers, Business buyers and Private buyers. Fleet buyers are those buyers which buy cars in big numbers to further their business. They usually required cars which are low priced, good in fuel economy and can run smoothly for a considerable period of time without asking any major maintenance. They include hotels, cab companies, and car rental companies. Business buyers are those which buy cars to give their executives and employees. They require cars which match the designation of the person given the car. They usually go for moderately highly priced cars. Private Buyers buy cars for their personal use. Now depending upon their social class which they belong to, they have different choices of cars. Some buy low priced, durable cars from Toyota, Honda, GM and Ford while others may go for quality and performance and opt for BMW, Mercedes or Audi. There are some, like celebrities or people with big fortunes that buy cars as a status symbol and to show their taste for uniqueness. They usually go for Ferrari, Lamborghini, Bugatti, MayBach. Competitors' Analysis There are many players in the market striving to increase their size of pie. From America we have General Motors, Daimler Chrysler, and Ford Motor Co. From Japan we have Toyota and Honda. From Germany we have Mercedes, BMW and Audi and from Italy we have Lamborghini, Ferrari and Bugatti. But BMW faces a direct competition with Mercedes and Audi as they fall in the same class with respect to performance and price. 1. Mercedes Mercedes Benz is present in the industry in the form of a giant. Mercedes Benz is the major direct competitor to BMW just like Pepsi is for Coke. It is considered to be an established brand within the industry among many competitors and among customers. It has built great brand

Why are so many high school students dropping out before graduation Essay - 1

Why are so many high school students dropping out before graduation - Essay Example The organization aims at encouraging teenagers to explore their potential, through weekly national campaigns, to bring about social change (â€Å"11 Facts About Dropping Out†). In this competitive age spurred by globalization, there is a need to remain relevant. This implies that countries need to ensure they produce competent and productive workers for economic development thus moderated costs of health care and other social services (Monrad). According to Rumberger and Lim, causes of high school dropouts are categorized into individual and institutional perspectives; therefore, the student’s mindset and conduct are among what individual perspective highlights. These factors relate to the individual, and others include school performance, disengagement, and recurrent residential and school mobility. Dropping out of school is viewed as a process instigated by detachment from school. This implies that the student slowly gets swayed away from the idea of school because of reasons such as undertaking adult duties that consist of taking care of siblings, having to get a job that involves long hours and becoming a parent early. The background of the student is the core foundation of the risk factors identified in the institutional perspectives; moreover, background refers to the environment surrounding a student, and it comprises socioeconomic status, dependable figures in his/her life that is single or step parent and the situation at school. The nature of family a student is raised in is quite crucial and entails the structure i.e. who the breadwinner is practices i.e. values and norms, and resources (Rumberger and Lim). The situation at school entails the behavior and attitudes of teachers i.e. do they interact well with the students, nature of administration i.e. rules and regulations, school structure and resources available to students. Rules and regulations that bring about dropouts include Grade Point Average (GPA) minimums, zero-tolerance

Sinner in the Hands of an Angry God Essay Example for Free

Sinner in the Hands of an Angry God Essay Consider the fearful danger you are in; it is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God, whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you, as against many of the damned in Hell. You hang by a slender thread, with the flames of divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every moment to singe it, and burn it asunder; and you have no interest in any mediator, and nothing to lay hold of to save yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own, nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you can do, to induce God to spare you. The sovereign pleasure of God, for the present, stays his rough wind; otherwise it would come like a whirlwind, and you would be like the chaff of the summer threshing floor. 1. Explain the mood of this passage. The mood is Somber and Serious. 2. Using specific examples, give one example of a metaphor, one example of a simile, and one example of an allusion that Edwards uses in this passage from the sermon to elicit this particular mood. A Great furance of warth like a whirlwind the summer threshing floor 3. What specific words (minimum of three) does he choose to make his tone clear? Danger, Wrath, Damned in hell 4. What images (pictures in the listeners mind) does Edwards use in the passage to make his tone clear? What effect do those images have on establishing the tone of the piece? Gods Rough Wind- Tone is Serious 5. In the last two paragraphs of the sermon Edwards talks about an extraordinary opportunity his congregation has. What is this opportunity? How does his sermon persuade the congregation to take advantage of this opportunity?

Traditions and Beliefs of Indigenous People on Death

Traditions and Beliefs of Indigenous People on Death Traditions and Beliefs of Indigenous People on Death and Dying Table of Contents (Jump to) Traditional Beliefs in Present Times Customary societies have survived AND advanced. Objectives The Circle of Life Life: Dying After the Funeral Fire Health services Communication Causes of disease Implications for palliative care PALLIATIVE CARE NURSES Conclusion: Nursing Care in a Palliative Setting. References Traditional Beliefs in Present Times Customary Beliefs in Present Times Customary convictions have survived Composed methods for religion Lifestyle Christianity is the overwhelming religion in numerous groups Minister Intermarriage Willful transformations May have a few beliefs or ideologies spoke to Parts of conventional convictions may be kept up while regarding Christian ways. (Boland, Foulds, Ahmedzai Pockley, 2012) Customary societies have survived AND advanced. Survival is a fitting term subsequent to intense Blend of chapel, state and financial matters Dispossession of grounds and convictions Differing qualities: no single Local society (Burke, 2010) Objectives Discuss customary convictions about the ways furthermore, significance of death and biting the dust. Discuss how present day medication can look into comprehend, regard and suit these Traditional convictions The Circle of Life So as to comprehend demise, first must grasp the circle of life. Four stages in the excursion of the human soul: (a) Conception (b) Life (c) Demise (Campbell, 2013) Life: We are soul having a human experience We are made out of three awesome parts Soul Mind Body As it conceived our soul leaves the Creator and Soul world Dying At the point when passing on, a customary individual will require the functions, prescription and petitions to God that will manage his/her soul back to the soul world. Otherworldly pioneer or prescription individual near to the Passing on individual will direct the services Family and tribe individuals will be available Drug in this setting means profound force .A blend of capacity and power – connected .To a capacity to prompt. (Campbell, 2013) After the Funeral Basic for close relatives to hold a 24 Hour precursor fire on the cherished ones birthday To pay tribute to his/her memory Helps relatives, particularly kids, to comprehend they are the latest in a long line of progenitors driving back to the start of time at the point when the Creator put the first man and lady on earth .Demise Feast dependably goes hand in hand with this progenitor Fire Haudenosaunee Creation Story gives more profound experiences into the start of life, the first individuals and all parts of creation. Characterizes relationship between all life on Mother Earth to the spirits in the sky and the creatures in the Sky World. Awesome widespread challenge between the upper world of consideration and lower universe of disorder .People need to arrange between these circles in life and passing patients and families toward the end of life is mindful so as not to sum up. (Downing, Boucher Marston, 2012) Overabundance passing’s among Indigenous individuals are because of circulatory ailments, harm, harming, respiratory conditions and diabetes.6 In conventional times, unforeseen demise may ordinarily have been ascribed to witchcraft; in current times this understanding stays dormant, however, there is a more noteworthy propensity at fault awful eating routine, and harming by contaminations, for example, insect poisons tainting grass and water. (Gardiner, Ingleton Gott, 2012) Health services But where there are settled Indigenous medicinal administrations, social insurance offices of numerous kinds are utilized reluctantly. Significant conditions, for example, disease regularly come to restorative consideration just late throughout the ailment. As of not long ago, open healing center, convenience was isolated, and human services administrations were very deficient, especially given the checked social imbalance and the related weakness status of Indigenous individuals. (Gould, 2002) Communication It might be viewed as rude or hostile to take a gander at an Indigenous individual. Wellbeing choices have a tendency to be a family or group undertaking. Family structure is unpredictable and represented by perceived commitments and social guidelines. It might be viewed as more fitting to converse with people other than the patient when examining that quiets circumstance. In a few groups as it is unthinkable for a child in-law to converse with his relative. (Shimoinaba, OConnor Lee, 2010) Causes of disease Sickness in Indigenous groups is regularly seen as stemming, partially, from introduction to magical powers, estrangement from the country (maybe the consequence of constrained uprooting) or some individual insufficiency (egg, a stately obligation ignored, or an inability to take after a standard principle of conduct). An attribution of accusing may take after, and the maxim of sorry by persons thought, mindful will be viewed as essential; fizzling that reaction, a payback punishment may be looked for, conceivably including physical discipline. (Whitehead, 1998) Implications for palliative care 1. Diverse elucidations of analysis and reason may make doubt in the middle of staff and patients. Medicines coordinated at moderating side effects, even extreme torment, may be seen as meddling in a fundamental methodology coming about because of a socially decided disorder. A socially safe way to deal with torment administration is called for. (Whitehead, 1998) 2. In trying to uncover the circumstances and reason for a passing, it might be reasoned that a career has been ensnared. He or she may confront Indigenous equity, which could mean anything from a short expulsion from the group to a skewering. The utilization of infusions by a career or wellbeing laborer may raise suspicion of harming. PALLIATIVE CARE NURSES Palliative care, the latest range of specialization, is characterized by the Last Acts Task Force (1999) as the far reaching administration of the physical, mental, social, profound, and existential needs of patients, especially those with hopeless, dynamic disease. The objective of palliative consideration is to help them to attain the best conceivable personal satisfaction through alleviation of torment, control of indications, and rebuilding of practical limit, while staying delicate to individual, social and religious values, accepts and hones. (Woodman, Baillie Sivell, 2015) The consideration that both hospice and palliative consideration medical attendants give is basically the same as exhibited by the Hospice and Palliative Nurses Role Delineation Study. Then again, hospice and palliative consideration attendant’s variant in their arrangement and practice settings. Hospice and palliative consideration attendants work as a team with other welfare supplier in the setting of an interdisciplinary group. Made out of very qualified, uniquely prepared experts and volunteers, the group mixes their qualities together to foresee and address the issues of the patient and family confronting terminal sickness and deprivation. (Yannakakis, 2013) Nursing Care in a Palliative Setting. The hospice development has developed in the United States in the course of recent years. The center of hospice consideration is in complete physical, psychosocial, enthusiastic, and profound consideration to critically ill persons and their families. Hospice suppliers advance personal satisfaction by shielding patients from troublesome mediations and giving consideration at home, at whatever point potentially, rather than the healing facility. Hospice medical caretakers give mind basically under the rules of the Medicare Benefit Act of 1983, a government program that permits patients to bite the dust in their homes with their families and companions next to them. Palliative care, the latest range of specialization, is characterized by the Last Acts Task Force (1999) as the far reaching administration of the physical, mental, social, profound, and existential needs of patients, especially those with hopeless, dynamic disease. The objective of palliative consideration is to help them to attain the best conceivable personal satisfaction through alleviation of torment, control of indications, and rebuilding of practical limit, while staying delicate to individual, social and religious values, accepts and hones. (Yannakakis, 2013) Conclusion: Despite the different misfortunes and hardships continued by Indigenous Australians, a noteworthy versatility and a pride in their surviving society is clear in numerous spots, and non-Indigenous Australians have slowly been directed to a more prominent admiration and esteem for the individuals themselves progenitors totally wrecked. Appreciation is a word that passes on numerous parts of the proper way to deal with health awareness and palliative administer to Indigenous Australians: regard for the frightful history of relocation, dispossession and roughness that portrayed white–black relations over eras; regard for distinctive implications of family; regard for the suspicion and distress usually felt by Indigenous individuals needed to enter significant medicinal services foundations, and the requirement for Indigenous possession, administration and staffing of more adequate social insurance offices; and admiration for the need to take a seat with patients and relatives, suf ficiently giving time and space to hear how needs are communicated and to bring family-based choices into expert drove consideration arranges. References Boland, J., Foulds, G., Ahmedzai, S., Pockley, G. (2012). Effects of opioids on cellular immunity: implications for palliative care. BMJ Supportive Palliative Care, 2(Suppl_1), A3-A4. doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2012-000196.9 Burke, B. (2010). Cooperatives for Fair Globalization? Indigenous People, Cooperatives, and Corporate Social Responsibility in the Brazilian Amazon. Latin American Perspectives, 37(6), 30-52. doi:10.1177/009458210382098 Campbell, C. (2013). Advanced Prostate Cancer Survivors: Implications for Palliative Care. Journal Of Palliative Care Medicine, 01(S3). doi:10.4172/2165-7386.s3-003 Campbell, C. (2013). Advanced Prostate Cancer Survivors: Implications for Palliative Care. Journal Of Palliative Care Medicine, 01(S3). doi:10.4172/2165-7386.s3-006 Downing, J., Boucher, S., Marston, J. (2012). Doctors and nurses training needs for childrens palliative care. BMJ Supportive Palliative Care, 2(Suppl_1), A36-A37. doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2012-000196.106 Gardiner, C., Ingleton, C., Gott, M. (2012). A systematic review exploring factors supporting partnership working between generalist and specialist palliative care services: implications for older people. BMJ Supportive Palliative Care, 2(Suppl_1), A40-A41. doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2012-000196.118 Gould, L. (2002). Indigenous people policing indigenous people: the potential psychological and cultural costs. The Social Science Journal, 39(2), 171-188. doi:10.1016/s0362-3319(02)00161-1 Shimoinaba, K., OConnor, M., Lee, S. (2010). Japanese head nurses perspectives regarding issues of nurses working in palliative care units and current support systems. Progress In Palliative Care, 18(6), 358-363. doi:10.1179/1743291x10y.0000000008 Whitehead, N. (1998). The Indigenous People of the Caribbean:The Indigenous People of the Caribbean. American Anthropologist, 100(4), 1046-1047. doi:10.1525/aa.1998.100.4.1046 Whitehead, N. (1998). The Indigenous People of the Caribbean:The Indigenous People of the Caribbean. American Anthropologist, 100(4), 1046-1047. doi:10.1525/aa.1998.100.4.1046 Woodman, C., Baillie, J., Sivell, S. (2015). RELATIVES PREFERRED PLACE OF CARE AT THE END-OF-LIFE: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALLIATIVE CARE IN THE FUTURE. BMJ Supportive Palliative Care, 5(1), 116-117. doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2014-000838.38 Yannakakis, Y. (2013). Indigenous People and Legal Culture in Spanish America. History Compass, 11(11), 931-947. doi:10.1111/hic3.12096

Noble :: essays research papers

â€Å"Are children noble savages, naturally pure and innately good, or are they just savages, lovable savages.† I think that Barbara Lerner argues that all children have some good and evil in them. It’s just to see who they grow up with and which crowd they hang around with, but sometimes its not the crowd they hang with it might be there parents, teachers, people at school. Evil is within us all. â€Å"The darkness is out there, not in us.† I don’t think thats really true in some cases. Children are a portal to our past, and through experience they become our present and future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the book The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hester Prynne had an affair with Arthur Dimmesdale. Hester in result was pregnat with a baby girl whom she named Pearl. Pearl is the symbol of Hesters public punishment for her adultery. Which would be considered evil to the Puritan since she had some demon like traits. So she had evil traits does it really matter to me it doesn't matter at all cuz some people say THaet i m evil but really i m not so yea It's a good vs evil in this short paper. So hehehe hahaha I m evil I m the devil. â€Å"Are children noble savages, naturally pure and innately good, or are they just savages, lovable savages.† I think that Barbara Lerner argues that all children have some good and evil in them. It’s just to see who they grow up with and which crowd they hang around with, but sometimes its not the crowd they hang with it might be there parents, teachers, people at school. Evil is within us all. â€Å"The darkness is out there, not in us.† I don’t think thats really true in some cases.

A Constitutional Framework: The Relationship of Supreme Power and Indiv

A Constitutional Framework: The Relationship of Supreme Power and Individual Rights in the Second Treatise The supremacy of legislative power is a deceptive phrase in the Second Treatise. If one were to follow Locke’s blueprint for the original formation of the commonwealth closely, it would become apparent that supreme power in political society rests with the people, not the legislature, because ultimately, there must be a constitution that is written by the people. In order to most clearly see this, a distinction must be drawn between the basic political society and the higher level institution of government, and the events that take place in each sphere must be differentiated. In light of this distinction, the relationship between individual rights and the rights of the legislative can be seen to be much more dynamic as supreme power may shift from one to the other depending on the actions of the legislative and the reactions of the people. The retention of individual natural rights within Locke’s government becomes significantly less problematic than if the legislative were invariably supreme, although the recourse available to the individual who finds himself outside the majority is still relatively limited by the power of the majority in political society. The fundamental premise that a commonwealth is formed before its government is created implies that there exists a space of time between men’s leaving the state of nature and the establishment of a government, and it is this time that separates Locke’s initial â€Å"political society† from his later stage of political society with a government; he later calls this stage â€Å"society† itself as distinct from â€Å"government† (XIX, 211) . The events of the transition stage are cri... ...im others, like the protection of his property and the right to appeal to disinterested judges. The constitution is the means by which these rights may be preserved against the power of the legislative in government, and the standard by which the people may measure the justice of the laws promulgated by the legislative. Within the constitutional framework, Locke provides for the protection of the individual from the government through the codification of his natural rights, and the protection of the individual from the majority is at least partially secured by the protection of his property. The problem of the tyranny of the majority is not wholly solved by the introduction of a constitution into political society, but Locke seems to see his safeguards as the most expansive that can be achieved under a government to which men in nature must give something up to enter. A Constitutional Framework: The Relationship of Supreme Power and Indiv A Constitutional Framework: The Relationship of Supreme Power and Individual Rights in the Second Treatise The supremacy of legislative power is a deceptive phrase in the Second Treatise. If one were to follow Locke’s blueprint for the original formation of the commonwealth closely, it would become apparent that supreme power in political society rests with the people, not the legislature, because ultimately, there must be a constitution that is written by the people. In order to most clearly see this, a distinction must be drawn between the basic political society and the higher level institution of government, and the events that take place in each sphere must be differentiated. In light of this distinction, the relationship between individual rights and the rights of the legislative can be seen to be much more dynamic as supreme power may shift from one to the other depending on the actions of the legislative and the reactions of the people. The retention of individual natural rights within Locke’s government becomes significantly less problematic than if the legislative were invariably supreme, although the recourse available to the individual who finds himself outside the majority is still relatively limited by the power of the majority in political society. The fundamental premise that a commonwealth is formed before its government is created implies that there exists a space of time between men’s leaving the state of nature and the establishment of a government, and it is this time that separates Locke’s initial â€Å"political society† from his later stage of political society with a government; he later calls this stage â€Å"society† itself as distinct from â€Å"government† (XIX, 211) . The events of the transition stage are cri... ...im others, like the protection of his property and the right to appeal to disinterested judges. The constitution is the means by which these rights may be preserved against the power of the legislative in government, and the standard by which the people may measure the justice of the laws promulgated by the legislative. Within the constitutional framework, Locke provides for the protection of the individual from the government through the codification of his natural rights, and the protection of the individual from the majority is at least partially secured by the protection of his property. The problem of the tyranny of the majority is not wholly solved by the introduction of a constitution into political society, but Locke seems to see his safeguards as the most expansive that can be achieved under a government to which men in nature must give something up to enter.

Comparison of Film and Book 1984 :: essays research papers

Comparison of a Film and Book After reading the book and watching the movie 1984 there were similarities and differences between the two. The novel is about manipulating people in believing in something that isn’t really there and about erasing history. Both the book and film focused on: authority, government, and war. The book and film follow the theme of conformity to control society. Authority was used as a form of intimidation between the working class societies and to keep society from corruption. The authority figures mentioned in the book and film were the thought police, â€Å"Big Brother†, and the tele. The thought police were in charge of capturing the people who did things that were forbidden and against the laws of the government. Some of the laws that the society couldn’t go against were having impure thoughts, overthrowing the government, and not loving or believing in â€Å"Big Brother†. In which committing these crimes are punishable by death. Authority was used to conform and control society. The government portrayed in the book as well as in the film is referred to as â€Å"Big Brother† the mastermind of establishing a totalitarian government. A totalitarian government is a single party that rules over everything and is superior to everyone. The totalitarian government was created to prevent corruption in the society and keep the people believing in what â€Å"Big Brother† wants them to believe. â€Å"Big Brother† kept the society in believing his reality by intimidation and brain washing. Also the lack of privacy was enforced by the use of surveillance like system known as the tele. The involvement of the government helped in conforming and controlling the society. The war contributed to making the working class society believe that they were doing they’re part in helping â€Å"Big Brother† stop corruption and keeping the society in an orderly state. Big Brother manipulated the society by making up a war using previous pictures and images of a war that happened years ago. The war was also used to erase existing history that the government did not want the society to know. Furthermore, the war was used to keep the government and economy as the basis of power and maintain the balance of â€Å"Big Brother’s civilization†. The war mentioned in the film and book led to a conformed and controlled society. The film and book 1984 focused on the theme conformity to explain how society was controlled by mentioning the enforcement of authority.

Working Conditions for Children During Industrial Revolution

Working Conditions of Children During the Industrial Revolution During the beginning of the industrial revolution there was a high demand for labour. Families travelled from rural farm areas to newly industrialized and larger cities in hope of finding new work. To survive even in the lowest class of poverty families would have had to have every single able family member working, this includes children. Children as young as six were put to work in factories. They worked for up too 19 hours a day with only one hours break in total.Work was hard and the children were often paid barely anything. These fragile human beings were; frequently overworked, underpaid and ill treated for a long time. They didn’t have small jobs either; their jobs were physically intense and required a lot of effort and strength. With little medical knowledge in comparison to today these children were prevented from growing healthily and naturally. Deformedness was common amongst many of the children due t o the high amount of physical exertion performed by them.Their growth was slowed down and they suffered in multiple other ways. The treatment of children in factories was horrendous to say the least. They were verbally abused and little care was payed to their safety and wellbeing. Sever punishments were also in place for the slightest disobedience. It was incredibly unsafe to work in the factory environment due to the large machineries used, which very often proved a hazard to the children. With the enormous machines fingers and body parts of theses skinny children could often result in deaths due to serious injuries or accidents.Sometimes children fell asleep from working excessive hours and occasionally the sheer force of the machines would just crush them. In factories that were unsanitary there was harsh exposure to dangerous chemicals and toxins consistently. Some children died from excessive inhalation of the fumes. Children who worked in coalmines often died from explosions and injuries. Overall there was extreme difficulty faced with being a child and having to grow up working during the industrial revolution.

What are the most important weaknesses of the environmental optimist position?

The essay provides a fairly sound critique of the environmental optimist position. However, it also has a number of important drawbacks. The article cites global warming as the evidence of inadequacy of environmental optimism. However, there is still a debate going on in scientific circles concerning the causes of global warming. There is no persuasive evidence that global warming is induced by human activity. Therefore, citing global warming as an example of inadequacy of environmental optimism is a risky strategy. The second argument used to refute environmental optimist position is formulated in a confusing way. It is not before the middle of essay that the actual claim is made in a comprehensible manner. The claim itself is disputable: the essay states that in the environmental optimist view, there is a positive correlation between the economy and the environment; however, evidence proves otherwise. The essay supports this statement by showing negative causal relationship between economic development and pollution. However, the article makes a factual mistake by listing China and India as developed countries; in fact, they are developing countries with low environmental standards and high industrial output, therefore they are among largest contributors to pollution. Consumerism is also cited as a problem that is getting amplified rather than solved by industrial development. However, the essay ignores the ongoing shift from material values to post-material values (e. g. solidarity, national self-identification, community, culture etc. ) that is happening in many European countries and catches on in the U. S. This trend might be the turning point in the relations between humankind and environment. Therefore, environmental optimism remains a credible theory.

Discharge Planning Checklist Essay

Discharging a patient from a hospital setting should be very easy, according to all of the patients that are in the hospital and don’t care about anything at the moment except getting home. While the patient is inpatient there are many things that could go wrong, however in house the patient is being controlled and managed. When a patient goes home there are no monitors or hourly blood draws to ensure their safety and survival. Discharge planning is not easy, and should never be perceived as such. Hospitals must have certain policies in place to ensure the patient and the family understand what to do when they go home, in regards to medications, therapy, etc. In order to meet conditions for discharge planning the hospital must be able to define how the obligation is to be met, determine readiness for discharge, identify who is responsible for the discharge. In order to determine a patient is ready to be discharged, the patient must be no longer in need of acute care services a nd the patient’s needs for post-acute care services have been identified and plans have been made. Hospitals have a legal obligation to assess the patient’s medical status at time of discharge, take steps to identify appropriate community services that can meet the patient’s needs, and make reasonable attempts to make services known and available to patients. When a patient goes into the hospital they are looking for their life to be saved because of some medical issue. A doctor looks at the patient and determines the medical plan for that patient to stabilize the patient. This could include tests, surgery, medications, etc. While the patient is in the hospital they get transported to and from, unknown medications are provided to stabilize the patient in house. While discharging the patient the hospital must make sure that the patient who was sick coming into the hospital and is now no longer needing acute care services is still able to follow the plan set forth by the physician that saw them once they get home. If a patient had Cardiac Bypass surgery for example, th ey might need home health. Or if a patient has an infection requiring home IV antibiotics, does the patient have or will receive all the materials necessary to complete treatment at home. Some  patients have to go into a rehab facility. Documentation and communication are also a vital part in discharge planning. The chart must be documented appropriately to state why if any post-acute care is needed. The chart must include documentation on the plan that the patient needs or the facility needs for further care. Communicate with the patient and the family about the plan. Make sure to assess the patient and family’s level of understanding. One must be sensitive to patients that do not know medical terminology. Medications are a huge liability and a huge misunderstanding with patients. The plan must have medications clearly written with times and how often the patient should take them. The discharge nurse should take the time to verbally go over the medications with the patients and their family’s to ensure compliance with medications. In defining obligation for discharging the patient, the hospital has to consider many factors. Who decides when the patien t is ready to go home? What services is the hospital obligated to provide? What should the patient be told and who should tell the patient? Special needs must be taken into consideration before a patient is discharged. Make sure enough teaching is being provided. Assess a patient that is living on their own and might struggle with recovery, thus, needing possible home health or a rehab facility. Patient with inadequate financial resources of inadequate living facilities, need to be assessed for possible infection post hospital, and for medication compliance. Will the patient be able to afford any meds given at discharge? Are their free medication programs that this patient can be enrolled in? As a patient being in the hospital is usually not a vacation. The patient is sick, uncomfortable, can’t sleep well with machines going and IV lines, etc. Going home to a patient is truly the only thing that they care about. When a physician mentions the possibility of discharge to a patient, their only thought is freedom! It is vital to the patient that is not thinking of their health, for the discharge planner to go through the entire checklist to ensure that patients survival when they get out of â€Å"jail†.

Marriott Corporation Essay

Each of these aspects of the financial strategy support Marriott’s growth objective, except for the repurchasing of undervalued shares, which is not based on feeling of significant undervaluing of the stock by the market, but based on an internally generated intrinsic value of the company. Marriott’s cost of capital estimation process involves consideration of debt capacity, cost of debt and cost of equity. This data, plus consideration of capital structure and effective tax rate, is then applied to the Capital Asset Pricing Model, using the U.S. Government 10-year bond as the risk-free rate and the spread between the S&P 500 composite and the U.S. Government 10-year bond rate. Beta is based on the last five years of monthly return data. The resulting corporate WACC is 10.22%. However, new investments in the different divisions requires the application of a hurdle rate that reflects the business risk of that particular unit, rather than the overall   corporate hurdle rate, which is primarily applicable to corporate capital expenditures, such as headquarters and IT support systems. The table below summarizes the WACC for each Marriott division based on its mix fixed and floating rate debt, capital structure, and applicable unlevered beta for its industry. Introduction Marriott Corporation is diversified company in the lodging, restaurant and contract services. Its lodging business unit consisted of managing the operation of 361 hotels of a variety of star ratings. Its restaurant business unit ran and owned a handful of fast food and diner chains. One of the perennial challenges that Marriott management faced was the close integration of its financial strategy, growth objectives, determining the appropriate hurdle rate for investments, and how to add a capital cost component to incentive compensation plans. Marriott’s Financial Strategy The overall objective for Marriott’s vice president of project finance, Dan Cohrs, was to support the company’s growth objective in being the most profitable company in its lines of business. To support this growth objective, Marriott developed a financial strategy that consisted of four tactics – manage rather than own hotel assets, invest in projects that increase shareholder value, optimize the use of debt in the capital structure, and repurchase undervalued shares. Manage Rather than Own Hotel Assets Marriott would develop hotel properties and then sell them off to investment partnerships. Its typical deal would consist of it being granted a long-term contract to operate and manage the property on behalf of the owner, where it receives 3% of revenues as compensation and 20% of profit over and above a specified return for the owner. If you wanted to maximize growth and shareholder value, this was a more prudent approach to being in the lodging business because the company wouldn’t be held down by large amount of debt associated with these properties and it eliminated a lot of long-term market risk. If a hotel went under, Marriott’s risk was limited to the portion of debt that it guaranteed instead of the entire amount. Therefore, this tactic supported the company’s growth objective because it did not tie up huge amounts of investment capital in fixed assets and allowed it to focus on activities and projects that could generate significant revenue growth. If Marriott could make a hotel very busy, it only had to make small increases in staff to accommodate large increases in business. Plus, its profitability would accelerate once it was able to clear its property owner’s return requirement. By being service oriented, Marriott greatly reduced the capital intensity of its lodging business unit. Invest in Projects That Increase Shareholder Value Technically speaking, this is a tactic espoused by every company. Marriott purposed to only invest in NPV positive projects based on the hurdle rate appropriate for the type of investment. The pro forma cash flows for investment opportunities were developed at the division level using corporate templates. This provided consistency in methodology while allowing for variation in unit specific assumptions. This will also support the company’s growth objective because it promotes Marriott getting the best results for its investment funds to maximize the value created by the projects it invests in. It also means that projects in riskier areas have to be that much profitable to generate the NPV to make an investment competitive versus alternative investments in less risky units. Optimize the Use of Debt in the Capital Structure Marriott used a targeted interest coverage ratio to determine its optimal use of debt instead of a debt-to-equity ratio. Because this approach bases debt capacity primarily on financial operations instead of market capitalization, it is supportive of growth by limiting debt based on near term financial performance rather than the ups and downs of the capital markets. Repurchase Undervalued Shares Marriott calculated its own valuation of its stock called its warranted equity value. Whenever its stock price went below the warranted value, Marriott would buy back stock. This tactic does not support growth because Marriott is using an intrinsic value of its stock to supersede the market value of the stock, which is the best indicator of the value of a publicly traded company. The company also assumed that this was the best use of cash and debt than investments. Although companies have used debt to repurchase stock, it is usually to try to â€Å"game† the system and improve the profitability related financial ratios by reducing the amount of total equity and the number of shares outstanding. Three more legitimate reasons for Marriott to buy back its stock would be mitigate the impact of stock dilution due to the exercise of stock options used as incentive compensation; to disburse excess funds to shareholders without the tax penalty associated with dividends; or to cheaply remove stock when the market it trading it at a steep discount to historical trends when the company is performing well. Buying back stock when it falls a small amount below an intrinsic value does not contribute to growth and those funds could have probably been used in a profitable, value-increasing project. Marriott’s Cost of Capital Estimation Process Marriott uses the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) to determine its corporate hurdle rate, as well as estimate the hurdle rates for its different divisions. The process begins with the company determining its debt capacity, cost of debt and its cost of equity, also being a function of the amount of debt. After determining the corporate level cost of debt, it allocated a portion of that debt to each of the business units to facilitate their unit hurdle rates. Each unit had a different debt weighting and cost of debt. Marriott annually updated its cost of capital for making investments. It does make sense for Marriott to determine a hurdle rate for its different business units because it is a diversified company, even if it is related diversification. Its business units carry the business risk of the industries they inhabit, regardless of the corporate make up of Marriott. To make the best use of Marriott funds and maximize value, Marriott has to take into account the risk associated with each unit’s projects. Having a hurdle rate for each business unit eliminates bias in project selection that would occur if it used the corporate hurdle rate. Marriott’s Corporate Weighted Average Cost of Capital In its use of the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) formula below, Marriott uses its long-term debt to total capital ratio (total capital = total assets – current liabilities) for its debt weighting. Cost of Equity To determine the cost of equity, Marriott used the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which relates the returns for a single stock against the excess returns for the market over the risk-free rate. Marriott has a target debt percentage in capital of 60% for the company. Its 1987 debt percentage is 58.8% for which a beta of 1.11 was calculated based on the past five years of monthly returns. The average corporate tax rate for the past five years is 43.7%. The target debt percentage in capital is 60% and is treated as the debt-to-value ratio. For the target percentage the beta must be unlevered and then relevered based on the equation below. This produces a relevered beta of 1.135. The market risk premium is based off of the spread between the S&P 500 composite returns and long-term U.S. government bond returns of 7.92%. The risk-free rate is 8.72% based on the 10-year U.S. government bond maturity rate. Using the CAPM equation below, this produces a cost of equity of 17.71%. Cost of Debt Marriott has fixed and floating debt. Its projected mix will be 60% fixed debt and 40% floating debt. Overall, Marriott has estimated that its debt risk premium is approximately 1.30% above U.S. government debt securities. Fixed rate corporate debt is going to be consistent with 10-year maturity U.S. government debt and the floating rate debt is going to be consistent with 1-year maturity U.S. government debt. The 30year debt is not applicable because Marriott manages rather than owns the hotel properties it manages. The resulting weighted cost of debt is 9.29%. Debt Type Corporate or Firm Level WACC By applying Marriott’s corporate cost of debt and cost of equity from the previous sections, we calculate a WACC of 10.22%. Which Investments Can the Corporate Hurdle Rate by Applied To? The corporate or firm level hurdle rate cannot be applied to all projects because of the bias it presents when business units have less or more risk than the company as a whole. However, there are investments to which the corporate hurdle rate would be applicable. That would involve any capital expenditures on behalf of the corporate parent, including buildings, as well as enterprise resource systems and any other support systems that serve all three business units. For example, the three business units should be using the same system to do financial reporting and accounting. If Marriott only used the corporate hurdle rate for all investments, in the long-run, it would do poorly because the rate would cause the company to invest in projects that are too risky and avoid projects that could increase company value. Basically, Marriott would be worth a lot less than it otherwise would have if it didn’t take a one-size-fits-all approach to its hurdle rate for different projects in the business units. Or worse, it could go out of business or be acquired by a competitor that had a more rational approach to its project selection process and was able to buy Marriott with the value it had created. Cost of Capital for Individual Divisions The process that Marriott employs to determine the corporate hurdle rate can also be applied to its different divisions. For the lodging and restaurant divisions, the cost of equity can be determined by using the weighted average unlevered beta for a group of peer companies and then relevering the beta for that division’s leverage circumstances. Contract services will require a residual approach for determining its cost of capital. Peer groups were used to calculate weighted average unlevered betas for the groups, using 46% as the highest marginal corporate tax rate for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1987. For the lodging and restaurant divisions, the same risk-free rate and market risk premium was used. Although both divisions own long-lived assets, they are closer to 10-year versus 30-year assets, other than any facilities owned. As for the lodging and restaurant properties, the bulk of the capital investment is made in renovation, updating or modernizing hotel properties and updating of the restaurants. For example, Marriott will periodically update the furniture, dà ©cor, color and amenities at the properties it manages to keep them competitive. This is a regular part of the business, so long-lived assets in those properties would be replaced anyway. This even occurs in restaurants, although less frequently. Contract services would also operate its long-lived assets in the same time frame. To determine the cost of equity for the lodging division, a group of peer companies were gathered and key data related to capital structure, revenue and beta was compiled to calculate a weighted average unlevered beta for the group. That beta was relevered based on the lodging divisions projected debt percentage in capital of 74% as the debt-to-value ratio for the operating unit, resulting in a cost of equity of 20.13% To determine the cost of equity for the restaurant division, a group of peer companies were gathered and key data related to capital structure, revenue and beta was compiled to calculate a weighted average unlevered beta for the group. That beta was relevered based on the lodging divisions projected debt percentage in capital of 42% as the debt-to-value ratio for the operating unit, resulting in a cost of equity of 19.08% With the cost of debt and cost of equity relative to its industry, the restaurant division cost of capital is equal to 13.45%. Contract Services Division To calculate the cost of capital for the contract services is more complex because there aren’t any publicly traded peer companies to compare against and privately held firms either do not report their results or do not report results compliant with the financial reporting requirements of publicly traded companies. Based on the projected mix of fixed and floating debt, the cost of debt for the contract services division is estimated at 10.07% A residual approach will be required to determine the cost of equity for the contract services division according to the formula below using the unlevered betas, weighted by identifiable assets. Solving the formula for ÃŽ ²C will provide us with the last piece of information needed to calculate its cost of capital. This results in an unlevered beta of 0.610. Based on the projected capital structure of the division, it levers to a beat of 0.839. With the cost of debt and cost of equity applicable to this business unit, the contract services division cost of capital is equal to 11.33%. Conclusion There are already many assumptions made in a traditional cost of capital calculation for a single-industry company. When a company is diversified, like Marriott, it cannot use a single corporate cost of capital for making investment decisions. It must make decisions for each division according to the business risk faced by that business unit because the level of risk varies from industry and that must be accounted for. Otherwise, a firm will engage in biased decision-making, if they use discounted cash flow and net present value for making investment decisions because a single hurdle rate will inflate the value of some projects, while lowering the value of others. Epilogue To stay competitive and generate the most value that they can for shareholders, companies review and update their strategies. Marriott Corporation is no different. Not long after the time period associated with this case, Marriott began to take dramatic steps to maximize shareholder value. First, the company sold is restaurant operating division in 1990 (White, 1989). The competition from industry leaders was too intense and rapid expansion would have required a lot of additional capital. Subsequently, the company would go through multiple spinoffs. In 1993, the company spun off Marriott International, which managed and franchised hotels and retirement communities (Marriott International, 2012). The remaining company changed its name to Host Marriott Corporation and owned many of the properties managed by Marriott International. In 1995, Host Marriott Corporation spun off some of the contract services business with the name Host Marriott Services. This allowed Host Marriott Corporation to focus on its real estate assets. In 1998, Marriott International spun off its management services business in a merger with Sodexho to create Sodexho Marriott Services. Later that year, Host Marriott Corporation spun off is senior retirement real estate business as Crestline Capital Corporation. At the end of 1998, Host Marriott Corporation converted into a real estate investment trust called Host Hotels & Resorts (Marriott International, 2012). The last spin off conducted by Marriott International occurred towards the end of 2011, where it spun off its time share operating segment as Marriott Vacations Worldwide Corporation (NYSE: VAC). Marriott International is only involved in lodging now and reorganized into four lodging divisions – North American Full-Service, North America limited-service, International Lodging and Luxury Lodging. In terms of the financial strategy outlined by the Marriott Corporation in 1987, that strategy continues in Marriott International. It doesn’t own the properties. It just manages and franchises them. At the end of fiscal year 2011, its debt-to-market value ratio is 0.1579. The company appears to be attempting to minimize the amount of debt it uses. The cost of debt is approximately 5.485% and the cost of equity is approximately 11.44%. Marriott International’s WACC, based on 2011 financial statements is 10.12%. References Marriott International (2012). 2011 Annual Report. Retrieved from http://investor.shareholder.com/mar/sec.cfm?DocType=&DocTypeExclude=&Sort Order=FilingDate%20Descending&Year=&Pagenum=4 Marriott International (2012). Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from http://investor.shareholder.com/mar/faq.cfm White, G. (1989, December 19). Marriott to Sell Its Restaurants, Focus on Hotels : Services. LA Times. Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/1989-1219/business/fi-598_1_marriott-s-bob-s-big-boy

Combat Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Combat Operations - Essay Example This theory evolved as far back as industrial age. Like mechanical sciences, Clausewitz's Center of Gravity is not a point of strength but a focal point where physical forces act or come together. Thus it is not a capability based warfare but an effect based warfare. As in physics, any force that acts on the center of gravity of an object has a profound effect on the object as a whole. Hence, if similar force is applied militarily on the center of gravity of a nation, it will have a far more dramatic effect not only on military of the adversary but also the nation as such. Since Clausewitz's war is nothing else but a direct extension of national policy, it will also bring about the desired results much faster than any other means. Further, Clausewitz did not classify CoGs as Strategic, Operational or Tactical. The whole system functioned as one united entity, and any effect was felt on the total system rather than on individual units. On the other hand, Liddell Hart during World War I suggested a strategy that was designed to upset the opponent's morale and confuse his thinking process well before even bringing him on the battlefield, or forcing a defeat without clash of arms. He thus advocate"In most campaigns the dislocation of the enemy's psychological and physical balance has been the vital prelude to a successful attempt at his overthrow." (Liddell Hart, 1929) He thus advocated attack along a line of lesser expectations like base, communication network, road or rail links thereby mystify, mislead and surprise the enemy. Guerilla warfare employed by many rulers across the world used this strategy very successfully when fighting against much larger and stronger adversaries. The effect to be sought is the dislocation of the opponent's mind and dispositions - such an effect is the true gauge of an indirect approach. -Sir Basil H. Liddel-Hart (Strategy, 1954) The Comparison As both the theories are based on entirely different concepts, it is a bit difficult to compare them across the table and satisfactorily come out with a justifiable and clear victor. The strategy to be chosen in this respect can be arrived at only after all the mitigating circumstances have been evaluated and a consensus arrived at after a deliberate appreciation of the situation. However, in most cases of modern warfare, it can be stated that countries prefer to opt for Center of Gravity option due to one simple reason, that most modern wars have been initiated by the militarily stronger nations against a perpetually irksome adversary, and these wars had clear and well-stated objectives, whether it was Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) in 1971, Falklands in 1982, or Iraq during the two Gulf wars. The attackers in these situations had a clear military superiority, well-established reasons for going into war and followed specific strategies. Further, the attacking power was so strong i n most cases that the outcome of the war was never in doubt. The only aspect under doubt was the time factor and the military losses on both sides. Hence, in such cases, it can be

Importance Of Rules And Regulation In Medical Institutions Case Study

Importance Of Rules And Regulation In Medical Institutions - Case Study Example And if to talk about why these rules and regulations are important to follow then one should know what are the motives and vision of rules and regulation. Rules and regulations are not just written statements which an employee needs to sign before joining an institute, but these rules and regulation show the structure of the institute, the norms over which it is built. It shows the discipline of institutes which tells the values of the institute. When we study and evaluate this case, we come to see the main objection which was professional misconduct; which means breaking the rules and regulations of the institute. And plus it’s unethical and against veracity towards the professionalism. When we study ethics we come to know a deep and strong relationship of law with ethics, as all the laws are made under the light of ethics. Laws are always kept moral and ethical. And ethics tells what’s moral and what is not moral. So when we study this case the first thing which ethics and law both object is that it was against the ethics of the doctor to allow the nurse to sign her prescription even if it was pre-written. Medical is already a field which is very sensitive to the topic when it comes to moral and ethical values as it is related to dealing with patient and the life of a person. The other point which comes in this case study is of Beneficence. That there are huge differences in the duties of doctor and nurse, if the prescription signed by the nurse goes under a legal system then the patient who was prescribed by this prescription can take an action against a doctor that the medicine was not signed by a doctor but by the nurse. And the nurses are not supposed to prescribe medicines. Beneficence in the medical ethics had the great importance which purely focuses what are the ethical values of doctors related to patient dealing. The prior thing which differentiates doctor and nurses is their knowledge of the human body and medication.

Single Parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Single Parenting - Essay Example This situation can be reached with divorce, separation or break up after the relation without marriage. Though single parent families started originating in the early 1950's, they were at their peak somewhere around the late 1980's and 1990's. The main cause of a complete family being broken down into a single parent family was the death of a partner. However, the trend changed, and the main cause turned towards the divorce between partners. It is this addition of several new causes, especially divorce, that the single parent family form is the fastest growing form of family in the North America. The first surprising fact about single parenting is that this phenomenon has been defined in two different ways. The following definition of single parents is distinct by only a single feature. Single parenting is a situation where the sole parent is responsible for the upbringing of the child. The sole parent does not receive any form of assistance from the other parent due to circumstances such as death, abandonment, etc. There can be several other reasons beside a few listed. According to this definition, some single parents might not be entitled to hold the status of being a single parent. However, as discussed earlier, the changing trend brought with it, changes in the causes of becoming a single parent. ... However, the second half of this decade saw a general decline in the rise of single parent families. The rise of single parent families that dominated the US culture for 4 decades, ended 1996 onwards (Statistics). Reports in 1960 suggested that only 9 percent of the total children’s' population in the US was living in single parent families. This rose to a staggering 25% in 1990 and to 28% in the year 2000 (Simmons and ’Neill). It is interesting to note how these changes came about in statistical terms. Three separate trends of the family culture can be identified. Between 1996 – 2000, the share of children living with a never married parent rose to 11.0 percent from 10.6 percent. However, this first trend was offset by the second trend. The percentage of children living with a divorced parent dropped to 15.6 percent from 17.3 percent. The third trend, children living with a widowed parent, maintained a constant percentage of 1.2 percent. These figures depict tha t the number of children living with a never married parent increased by 400,000 whereas the number of children living with a divorced parent decreased by 1 million (Statistics). The US Census from the year 2000 shows us that 12.2% of all households are female single parent households whereas 4.2% of all households are male single parent households. According to these statistics there are a total number of 17,294,115 single parent families in the US alone (Weiss). The trend in the United Kingdom has been similar. Over a quarter (26%) of the families in Britain are single parent families. In numbers, there are over 2 million parents in Britain today, though this number has remained more or less constant since the

World civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World civilization - Essay Example First and foremost, he goes fearlessly into battle to liberate the world and walks miles away to find answers that would benefit the people of his city. He believes in God for his strength especially in battles. He respects people he meets along his journeys. Gilgamesh has loyalty to people. For example, his friendship with Enkidu illustrates his loyalty to people who respected himself and his city (Danny 24). Is a strong to perfection.† He is also described as an awesome beast with unmatched strength. In addition, Gilgamesh leads his tribe into battle fearlessly. In fact, they defeat everybody they battle with. His people have all confidence in him to an extent of being aroused by small insults with a belief that, through his awesome leadership ability, they would definitely win the battle and that he would not let them down. He also portrayed his great strength by fighting the mighty beast Humbaba. In fact, even Urok’s gentle people feared Humbaba and even warned Gilgamesh to be careful when fighting with him. However, this did not deter him from battling with him although he was nervous about the battle as it is noted in Colum VI of Table II (Danny 19). Gilgamesh always returned home safely. Even after fighting with great enemies, Gilgamesh, always defeated them and returned home safely. Again, he portrays his fighting skills when he makes Ishtar mad at him and as a result, she directs Anu to release the might bull to fight Gilgamesh. However, Gilgamesh was again successful in the battle. When he manages to reach at the top of Mt. Mashu, the scorpion guard is astonished by his daring courage to go that far. Just to show how brave Gilgamesh was, the scorpion guard said that if Gilgamesh happened to fall from the top of the mountain, he would fall all day and night. However, the guard allowed him to pass through the gate. He then rowed the boat himself across the sea

Reflection on American studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection on American studies - Essay Example â€Å"Gendering† the conversation of globalization reveals the restrictions stuck between the actualities of women’s and men’s survive and normal academic work regarding worldwide procedures. Joint with essential concentration to race and racial procedures, â€Å"gendering† ought to construct a enhanced consideration of current worldwide issues. Before clarifying several of the wide-ranging feminist work that has gendered worldwide investigate and hypothesis, I momentarily scrutinize the thought of sexual category. Sexual category as used here is defined as discrimination, splitting up, and distinction communally rises around assumed difference between feminine and gentleman. Gender is a necessary classifying standard in communal life, a faith for allotment of responsibility, human rights, rewards, and authority, as well as the resources of fighting. Gender is a issue in arranging daily existence for persons, relatives, group of people, and civilization as large arrangements. Women are frequently underprivileged in stipulations of authority and substance and rank rewards. Gender is neither a necessary trait of persons nor a stable in communal existence, but consists of objects and figurative features of survivals, continuously shaped and reproduces in the track of continuing societal actions and performance. The trouble at this time is not one of a skilled sentiment â€Å"missing out.† Relatively, it is a pervasive issue in human studies and American studies of point- reluctance to find the paths where the American studies and human studies can easily improve their understanding with each other. Surrounded by average genealogy of US-based cultural lessons, national studies and new racially-based studies began from a comparable instant of empowerment in the efforts for ethnic and racial civil rights in the 1960s and 1970s, frequently in unity with Third World decolonization engagements. More and more, Native American lessons hi ghlights relations connecting Native America and native group of people in the area of the globe, reframing queries of power and native human rights in global conditions whereas continue to confront opinionated conversations of the realm. Such employment decanters paradigms of primary contact with European regal authority and consequent command by the United States armed and administration that have eclipsed debates of local contact with working class of other origins. Corresponding theories of history as the revision of the history and social evaluation of the life sciences, different ideas regarding the American studies in a disciplinary point of view enforce the results and findings of  American  culture’s understanding in its entirety and the general concepts of American culture at its surroundings. Some authors describes their suggestions at the University of California Faculty of American studies e.g. Jay Mechling, Robert Merideth, and David Wilson, How Jews Became White Folks and what it depicts in American culture, American Jewish narration go into the dialogues. The writer conveys the just around the corner as an anthropologist to this energetic combination of literatures transversely obedience. The effect is a fine investigation of the crossroads of

1.In 2003 the government outlined how Every Child Matters. Discuss Essay

1.In 2003 the government outlined how Every Child Matters. Discuss both the developmental needs of children, and the appropriate social work response, in rel - Essay Example The case of Victoria Climbe can be marked as a revolution in the history of reforms for the children. It prompted the government to understand the needs and requirements of the children in the world. As children grow up they have certain requirements which ought to be fulfilled and the scheme ‘Every Child Matters’ assures every child of his right. This article would further discuss the developmental needs of children and the appropriate social work response in relation to the outcomes of the scheme. Many of the children living in this world are deprived of their basic needs and hence the governments are implementing different schemes to ensure that the children are getting their basic needs. The scheme ‘Every Child Matters’ has a total of five aims to provide the children with their basic necessities Health is a basic necessity for all the people in this world and thus children ought to have all the facilities to maintain their health. The scheme is implementing different strategies to ensure that the children are healthy mentally, physically and socially both. The children ought to have their basic right to exercise different activities to ensure that their health is maintained. They require health facilities if they are undergoing any major problem with their health. The environment that the children are provided depends upon the state, parents and the school and thus this environment should be healthy. The scheme has made the concerned authorities aware of the n ecessities of these children. The societies in the UK have started working towards a better environment for the children. Different sporting events are organized by the scheme so that the children can participate and have a healthy routine. The schools in which the children are studying have an important obligation of maintaining the environment for the

Analysis of the attractiveness of the UK venture capital industry Essay

Analysis of the attractiveness of the UK venture capital industry - Essay Example Private Equity and Venture Capital Report on Investment Activity 2008’ in its survey has determined that worldwide the investment has seen a steady rate of growth with a few undulations in the last three decades (Coups, 2009). There was a steady spurt in investment from year 2003 onwards until it peaked at 31,634 Â £m in 2007. In 2008 it fell by 11,609 Â £m probably due to the effects of worldwide recession but still maintained a healthy figure (Fig.1). In the UK, the investment figure was 10,227 Â £m in 2006, rose to 11, 972 Â £m in 2007 but fell sharply to 8556 Â £m in 2008 (Coups, 2009). All asset classes have now suffered due to the impact of worldwide recession and Private Equity is no exception. However such funds which were raised during previous such downtrends in the years 1991-94 and 2001-03 did produce outstanding results for the investors (BVCA, 2009). Over long term, UK private equity has outperformed other asset classes in a comprehensive manner. The annual IRR in 2008 for all funds was -9.8% which compares favourably with public equity market performance (BVCA, 2009). In fact over a span of the last ten years private equity returns per annum were approximately ten times higher than that of the FTSE All-Share Index and four times more than the pension average (BVCA, 2009). When considered region wise, investment in the years 2007 and 2008 has been steady enough throughout the United Kingdom, but there was a major fall in the financial capital of the country, London where it fell from 5730 Â £m in 2007 to 3590 Â £m. Almost similar decline was observed in the South East, East Midlands and the North West. In the East of England, Yorks and Humb and West Midlands investment figures did not change much in these two years. Surprisingly, investment rose remarkably to 1052 Â £m in 2008 from 393 Â £m in 2007 in Scotland (Coups, 2009). The major investment was in UK Technology Companies where 596 Â £m was invested in 2008 as compared to 835 Â £m in 2007. Particularly

Story of an Hour Essay Example for Free

Story of an Hour Essay In A Story of an Hour, Mr. Bentley Mallard was a controling figure that completely dominated his marriage with his wife Mrs. Louise Mallard. Through out the story Mrs. Mallard longed for some sort of freedom. She could never have that freedom because from a young early age she was empowered by her parents and when she became of age she married and her husband became in charge. You see freedom is something that we all crave, whether it be something insignificant or something earth shattering we all have the will and desire to do whatever we please no matter how silly it is we long to do things with out judgment or with out someone telling you what to do and how to do it. From the time that I was born, to the time that I reached about 14 years old there was an invisible barrier that developed called â€Å"The Sacred Places† in life. This â€Å"Sacred Place† separated me from the outside world. As a kid I was always told to stay inside unless I went outside with a parent or some sort of guardian watching over me. The  reason behind this was not to keep us from all of the fun things that are outside of the four walls of my house, but it was to keep me safe and secure from harm. However if I did happen to go outside with out any sort of supervision I were punished with a spank or a stern voice informing me to never do that again or else I would be in bigger trouble. In A Story of an Hour, Louise Mallard was trapped in her home and was not aloud to go outside under any circumstance. Mr. Mallard didn’t let her go out because in those days women were treated as property and not as actual people with rights. When I was a little bit younger I thought that I knew everything and that I was my own person that had nobody to tell me what to do, and although I thought I knew it all until I reached the age of 18 I had to realized that I was my parents property and I had to submit to there authority. No matter what I did or what I said to them to try to convince them to let me do something that I wanted to do they would always stay true to there decision  even it made me upset and frustrated with my parents. In the Story of an Hour, Mr. Mallard (the husband) was the head of the house; this meant that the house and everything in it was his including that people that lived in it. Being that Mrs. Mallard was his wife, he too owned her. Unlike me, Mrs. Mallard was contempt; she knew her role and her place in society and with out a word she obeyed she was used to this because this is how she was raised her whole life, she never questioned any authority. During this era married women and children were not aloud outside unless there were special circumstances such as a wedding or funeral, etc. This somewhat resembled my family  because as I said before if I was being supervised by someone that was older than me and responsible (special circumstance) I was aloud outside to play in the yard. However I was aloud to go out when there wasn’t a funeral or wedding. When it comes down to it I believe that every single person wants freedom, I remember as a young kid looking out of windows everywhere I went. I would always look out and imagine what certain things looked like. For instance when I would drive on the freeway going towards Phoenix I would always pass the downtown area of Tucson and I would see big buildings towering over the city and I always wondered who lived there, what type of foods were over there, and many more different things like that. I think what fascinates all of us is being able to understand and know the unknown. What’s behind the curtain? What’s behind the wall? What’s behind door number three? Those are questions we all ask. Throughout A Story of an Hour I honestly wasn’t captured by the story until Mrs. Mallard was lying on her deathbed. They story says that â€Å"she looked out the window†. To me when the author says this I believe that she is yearning for the outside world and thinking about all of the things she could have done. 1 can only imagine what is going through her mind at this point because when I was 13 I would long to do something I wasn’t aloud to do and was always so consumed by the fact that I would have to stay behind and do whatever my parents did, but Mrs. Mallard on the other  hand is on her Deathbed and has no control of  what she can do anymore. Mrs. Mallard hasn’t done any of the things that she truly wanted to do in life and is forced to watch the world go by while she is helplessly on her deathbed. Has there ever been a time in your life where you wanted something so bad for so long but never actually got it, but on the day you finally got it suddenly lost interest in the object. Well that’s how I was. From the age of 14 I wanted to drive and do my own thing. I literally counted down the days that I would be able to drive. The day finally came when I could drive and I was so excited and for the next few months I was on cloud nine. However as time went on I found my self strongly disliking the chore of driving, and I would be always asked to drive at night when I was tired so my dad could sleep, or my parents would ask me to go to the store for them at 11pm. The things that I didn’t think about, came back to haunt me. Another example would be when I would ask for the new game system that had just came out and after a few months it would be stuck behind the closet collecting dust because I was bored of it. Mrs. Mallard never had that freedom; she never had a choice or anything like that so it was something that she couldn’t have that made her want to be her own person. At the end of the story she was told that her husband had died, she became so excited that her heart began to beat at an extremely fast rate. Freedom and independence were something that she longed for, for such a long time and she finally had it. When Mr. Mallard walked into the room her heart and mind filled with so many emotions, she didn’t know what to do and how to do it so she was completely shocked. According to the doctors she died of joy. She thought that she had finally been freed from the life she was living but when she saw her husband things change. I believe that we all long to be our own person with no direction, but I believe that over time we  grow accustomed to the things we are comfortable with even if we don’t like what we are doing.