Hanover Jamaica

The Hanover Revolt of 1776 AP-HIST 1050 Dave Cousins November 21, 2012 The Hanover Revolt of 1776 Two documents which discuss the slave revolt in seventeen seventy-six are titled as â€Å"The Jamaican Slave Insurrection† by Richard Sheridan and â€Å"Testing the Chains† by Michael Craton. Both these documents contain these historian’s perspectives about the seventeen seventy-six slave revolt. These documents both have similarities and differences and contribute aspects with the seventeen seventy-six slave revolt. Sheridan’s document is very detailed discussing the life of the maroons from before and after they signed the treaty.Sheridan’s document also discusses the events that occurred before the slave revolt, what caused the slave revolt, American Revolution, and the plot of the slaves. Sheridan’s document goes into depth and presents many details on what he is trying to say. On the other hand, Craton’s document only discusses one ma jor event which was about the plot of the slaves. With no evidential proof on what caused the slave revolt, these historian’s share with us there perspectives and gives us an idea on what some of the answers to our questions might be.Before the slave revolt occurred in seventeen seventy-six, there were many other slave outbursts that occurred in the past. It was stated in Sheridan’s document that after years of getting ambushed and attacked, the whites sued the Maroons for peace. The Maroons and the whites eventually signed the first treaty which occurred on March seventeen thirty-nine. The rebellions began to get very frustrated with the maroons do to the fact that there have been no plans of attack since the treaty was signed. Although, in seventeen sixty, slaves from numerous plantations in the parish of St.Mary fought back. This attack was successful due to the fact that the slaves broke in a fort and acquired arms and gunpowder. This led to the action of the slave s going from plantation to plantation killing the whites and black recruits were increasing. With the understanding of what situations occurred before, during and after the slave revolt in seventeen seventy-six, it is questioned among us on what caused the revolt? Although there is not much evidential proof on exactly what caused it, but there are historian’s point of views such as Sheridan’s.In his document, Sheridan mentions that hard labor and harsh punishment were cited as strong motives by several slaves who were examined by magistrates of Hanover parish (Sheridan, 299). In Sheridan’s document there are an example from both Orlando Patterson and Monica Schuler who confirm that, â€Å"most of the conspiracies and revolts in the period of this study began on estates belonging to absentee proprietors† (Sheridan, 299). Slaves were forced to work harder so that the white men would produce large profits and salaries for themselves. Sheridan states that the se factors were the reason why the slave revolt slowly began.The slaves were eventually getting fed up and tired of the treatment they were receiving from the whites. Most of the slave outbreaks throughout Jamaica within this period began on estates belonging to absentee proprietors (Sheridan, 299). Absenteeism resulted in gross mismanagement of estates by attorneys who forced the slave to work far beyond their strength, to produce large profits for principles, commissions and salaries for themselves (Sheridan, 292). Absenteeism is an example of how slaves were treated shamefully, because of food shortages and huger brought misery and dissatisfaction to these slaves.Thus the harsh punishment and dissatisfaction mainly led the slaves to discomfort, which then led them to created rebellion. It is questioned throughout these documents as to why these slave outbreaks occurred and to what the real motive was behind plots. It is stated in Sheridan’s document that the slaves plan to attack the whites when they were most vulnerable. In this case it was said to be they were most defenseless during a Christmas Holiday. The slaves planned to take advantage of the white’s weakness; in this case they planned to patiently wait until the white men removed their military unit so an attack would be more effective.The plot to raise an attack on the white people was discovered on Monday, July 15th. Both Sheridan and Craton state in their documents that July 15 was indeed the correct date for the discovery of the plot. Although, in the documents the stories that led to the discovery of the plot are both dissimilar. In Craton’s document he states that a domestic slave was found with his master’s pistol. While in Sheridan’s document he gets more into detail with it and explains that a slave boy was discovered to be holding a pistol while filling it with oil and cotton.On the other hand, the after math of this situation is both similar on the docum ents. Stating that forty-eight ringleaders were arrested and imprisoned and that six of the most obviously guilty were executed within the next couple of days. In both documents Sheridan and Craton both mention the same slave. Although Craton spells the slaves name as â€Å"Pontiac† while Sheridan spells the slaves name as â€Å"Pontack†. The significance point about this slave is that in both documents it states that this man was a run away slave who was part of the â€Å"Blue Hole estate†. This led to the actions of getting captured and interrogated.The white men interrogating Pontiac by pressuring him into giving out details about the rebellions. Instead of answering the question, he changed the subject and talked about the maroons and how Billy and Asherry were advising the slaves on what to do and that they were going to support them. This leads to the conclusion that even though there is not evident proof that all the maroons united with the slaves, there is evident proof which is written in both documents that Billy and Asherry did. Maroons were eventually replaced by slave rangers to chase down runaways after this incident.Jamaican’s economy had an extraordinary growth from the Maroon treaties of 1739-40 to the outbreak of the American Revolution in seventeen seventy-five (Sheridan 293). Sheridan states the five parishes which are the Hanover, St. James, Trelawny, St. Elizabeth and Westmoreland. It was very understandable that the slaves out numbered the white men vastly. In seventeen seventy-four St. James had 12,557 slaves while there were only 478 whites. This can also be said in a ratio of 26:1. In the document of Craton it is stated that the ratio in the Hanover from black to whites was 25:1.Similarities do occur in this situation as both documents notify the ratio which is not exact but very similar. With this being said, a major comparison also is identified within the two documents with the relative subject. In Sheri don’s document it is acknowledged that from the years 1763-1775, sugar plantations increased from 429 to 775. While in Craton’s document he states that there were 75 sugar plantations starting at the year of seventeen seventy-fifty. Revered John Lindsay D. D is a man who is mentioned in both Sheridan and Craton’s document.He states linked conspiracy with revolutionary ideology (Sheridan, 300). This is stated by Revered John Lindsay D. D within a letter that he wrote. This letter can be found on page 175 of Craton’s document and on page 300 of Sheridan’s document. This letter by John Lindsay was written to a man named Dr. William Robertson, who was a famous historian. The letter informed William Robertson that while slave insurrections were not uncommon, the conspiracy of seventeen seventy-six was unique in its involvement of both the Creole and house slaves (Sheridan, 300).John Lindsay then discusses in his letter how when the whites are sitting at the table, where there is a waiting man behind every person; the topic of American Rebellion has been disaffected amongst us (Sheridan, 300). Another example which is found in Sheridan’s document is from Stephan Fuller. Stephen suggested that the American Revolution may have been partly responsible for the slave revolt scare of seventeen seventy-six. In other words, after reading both documents it is clear to the readers that different historians discuss events and situations that are similar but yet different at the same time.In this case for example, Sheridan spells the runaway slaves name as â€Å"Pontack† in his document, while Craton spells it as â€Å"Pontiac† in his document. This only proves that there are no evidential proof and true facts on the seventeen seventy-six slave revolt. Analyzing both documents, it is clear that the main question asked and still unknown is â€Å"what caused the slave revolt†. This question was not answered in Cratonà ¢â‚¬â„¢s documents, with the assumption that he did not know what caused it. While Sheridan states in his documents that the main cause for the revolt in eventeen seventy-six was due to the fact the slaves were just fed up and tired of the treatment that they were receiving. Understanding Craton and Sheridan’s point of view in their documents, it is too quick to judge which information is false or which information is the most accurate when reading the detailed events and situations during the revolt. As a historian there is no certainty that what your saying is correct or a fact, but a point of view from gathering information would never hurt or interest one historian after another.

Degree Appraisals Essay

General Electrics’ Durham, North Carolina assembly employees have a unique work environment in which they build the GE90 jet engine for Boeing. The 9 engine build teams consist of approximately 18 employees who own the entire process of assembling some 10,000 parts perfectly to create one complete engine assembly. The teams are self managed, doing everything from ordering parts and tools to scheduling vacation and overtime. The success of the teams comes from their founding method of agreement by consensus decisions making. In fact, the consensus decision making process has become a way of life to many of these employees, and management decisions are only needed about 12 decisions per year. Although employees don’t always have unanimous agreement, there is seldom any blame when things go wrong because of their strong trusting relationships. This type of consensus management has instilled a high level of trust relationships among the team members and their superiors. These self-managed teams operate in a culture of continuous feedback and rely on management to make them aware of problems and report solutions. Beyond the day-to-day decisions making, any major issues, such as safety and cost, are decided by a task force. The plant manager informs and educates the task force and employees about the problem and why it is important, and the task force decides how to address problems. The task force takes the responsibility to find solutions and decisions are reporting back to plant management on what the future solutions will be. These solutions and decisions made by the task force are communicate to the plant manager and then on to the higher-ups for their buy in. The Plant Manager Paula Sims, who has been on the job 4 years, has proposed to HR that she would like initiate a 360-degree review to supplement existing performance  measures. Ms. Sims’ proposal is met with some concerns from HR, it is assumed that HR has concerns that implementing a new system without a consensus decision will breakdown trust with the employees and limit the willing participation if the 360 review were to be implemented. Root Problem The root problem with Ms. Sims proposal is that the implementation goes directly against the culture of consensus agreement on making decisions for the teams and the plant. Since this would be considered a major change, it should be brought to a task force for review and solution, or at minimum be brought to the attention of all employees. In the past, Ms. Sims has experienced issues of missed trust with the assembly teams and this direct approach with HR for the implementation a new performance measure stands to have an equally negative effect. Alternative Ideas In order to address the root problem, HR would like to propose some alternative ideas to Ms. Sims proposals that could include awareness of GE corporate use general of 360 degree performance measures in other locations. Investigations on the benefits from other GE plants should be presented to employees to gain a better understanding and buy-in of the proposal. Knowing the culture of feedback that exist within the plant, Ms. Sims could call for a task force to investigate the benefits of 360 degree feedback and make a direction decision on the use of 360 degree appraisals. In consideration of alternative ideas, Ms. Sims should consider approaching the employees and HR by providing factual information about the value of peer reviews. For example, â€Å"research shows that appraisals by peers are useful predictors of training success and future performance† (Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S., & Werner, S., 2012). Additionally, since the GE employees are team-based units, it is also been shown that anonymous peer appraisals in teams increase interpersonal effectiveness, group cohesion, communication openness and group satisfaction (Jackson, et al, 2012). Furthermore, she could gain more leverage by stating the success of the peer reviews in other GE facilities, as real life inter-company example. The last alternative is simply do nothing and keep the current system as it is without a 360 degree review. Considering Ms. Sims determination to implement the new appraisal, she should consider a trial basis with a one the nine teams as a test bed  from training implementation and use of the 360 review. As multiple alternatives have been presented, a closer evaluation of each proposal is the necessary to derive the what is believed to the best alternative. 1. Awareness and Buy-in – this alternative looks at bringing awareness to the 360-degree appraisal as a supplemental appraisal by providi ng factual information on the benefits of the program at GE’s jet engine plant. Awareness makes buy-in easier when at the end of the day, you allow the teams to make a decision by consensus on the implementation of the new peer review. 2. Empowered team decision – this alternative simply turns the information and decision back to the team and task force. This alternative is the most cohesive alternative and aligns well with the culture of the company. 3. Trial basis – this alternative assume Ms. Sims pushes her idea forward and assumes she will be met with some resistance during the implementation phase. In this case focusing on a smaller beta test group proves to be easier to manage and create buy-in with when the results show positive improvements. 4. Status Quo – this alternative assumes that nothing is done, no implementation is agreed upon and the current performance measures stay in place without a 360-degree appraisal. Choose an Alternative & Implementation In an effort to maintain the strong trusting relationships that exist at the various levels of team members and management, it is recommended that the alternative proposal of â€Å"awareness and buy-in† be selected and acted upon. Implementation of this plan will begin with Ms. Sims collecting and presenting data from both internal GE resources and external resources to show the benefits of supplementing the current performance appraisals with a 360-degree peer review. Next Ms. Sims must work directly with HR to plan an appropriate training period and plan in conjunction with the roll out of information to the 9 assembly teams. This portion of the preparation should include the consideration of one group to be the test bed or beta group for evaluation purposes. Once the information is presented to all the employees, an internal task force should be commissioned to evaluate the information provided by Ms. Sims for the purpose my allowing the continuance of the consensus culture . There are a multitude of options this management team has in considering the addition of the new peer review. However,  allowing the teams and/or special task force to make the decision on their own and continue to feel the sense of ownership is paramount in the implementation phase of the proposal. Therefore it is recommended that after the beta group is selected and effectively trained, HR and Ms. Sims must monitor the effectiveness of the raters over an initially shorter period of time for the appraisals to take place. This step will be for the purpose of training and evaluation. Based the results from the six months data collection and feedback from the Beta group, Ms. Sims and HR will determine if further training is needed, if the employees are seeing value in the productivity and performance improvements as a result of using the 360 degree appraisals. If the results are positive the information will be shared with the task force and all employees for further implementation and training, beyond the beta group. Reference Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S., & Werner, S (2012). Managing Human Resources (11th edition)., Mason, OH: South-Western

Religious and Ethnic Groups Essay

Buddhism is a religious group as depicted from the world’s history that began in the 6th century BCE, in today’s Northern India. Buddhism was founded by a wealthy man of Indian dysentery called Siddhartha Gautama. Siddhartha Gautama’s main concern was to teach people how to realize great spiritual development. These teachings focus on areas like tradition/customs, beliefs, ethics, meditation and philosophy and making people more enlightened; Buddha means ‘to awaken’. To the religious group boast of a huge following of about 300million across the world including 0. 7 percent of U. S. A’s religious composition based on U. S’s Census Bureau Document (Seager, 2012). Buddhism is a religious group that differs broadly from other groups in America. The difference is eminent in the way they carry out various practice. Some examples are worship, beliefs, culture, doctrines, and in other routine practices. Buddhism, unlike other religious groups, believes in the existence of only one Supreme Being ‘God’. In contrast to most groups, Buddhism spirituality is of personal discipline rather than faith in ‘God’. A lot of differences may be present when attempting to draw a comparison between Buddhism and the other religious groups in America. Buddhists Experience in America Buddhism has received its fair deal of mixed reception from other religious avenue. Some people have good perception and understand their teachings seek to uphold good morals and values. Buddhism also seeks a harmonious co-existence with other people in society even if they are not practicing the same religion. Others have perceived them as having a bizarre view deeming its operation as being mysterious. Buddhism is unique in conducting their routine religious practices and beliefs. Some religious groups have upheld Buddhism, not as a religion but merely a philosophy (Seager, 2012). They have even incorporated some practices like meditation as an art of realization physical and emotional well being as yoga in pursuit of reliving off stress. They have also sorted in some Buddhism cultural element and used them to perfect their own religions. Contribution and Discrimination of Buddhism Historically in American culture Buddhism has contributed adversely in development of America’s culture. Many Buddhists doctrine and daily routine practices are borrowed and used to blend America’s culture. Example of such practice teachings of how people perceive life and attitude, changed Buddhism has mentored Great America’s scientists and philosophers (Seager, 2012). They borrow ideas from Buddhism teachings. Some of the ways in which Buddhism is practiced in America include stress reduction treatment. In addition, famous movies and songs based on Buddhism, such as Seven Years in Tibet, Little Buddha, The Matrix, and Star Wars, has helped the advertisement industry. Another instance is the Master Card commercial that shows an image of Woman Meditating. There is an increasing number of Americans who visit the Buddhist temples and also practice meditation in privacy. Buddhist Fellowship organization is a very large group that promotes peace, environmental advocacy, and conducts homeless and prison outreach. Buddhism has experienced discrimination minimally compared to other religious groups. Discrimination happens within its own religion and culture primarily against Buddhist women. All Buddhist women are ordained to follow laws and disciplines such as bhikkhunis. However, Buddhist nuns have come together to fight for their rights. The source of this prejudice was because the Buddhist nuns have increased in number and they want to eliminate them from the religion. Buddhism has helped me learn about meditation which can be used in reducing stress and as a way of relaxing. Asian Ethnic Group The Asian American comprises of a 5% of the American population (Espiritu, 2011). In the recent years, the Asian ethnic group is considered among the fastest growing group in America. The Americans refer to subgroups such as the Chinese, Filipino, Indians, Koreans, Japanese and Vietnamese. Most Asian Americans were born in America while others have been the immigrants who have settled in America. Asian differs from the other ethnic groups because from history Asians have continued to follow their religions, unlike many other groups. The Asian Americans are known for their diligence, strong family values and their respect for education, authority, and discipline unlike any other ethnic group in America. Asian American Contribution and Discrimination The Asian American has contributed greatly in the formation of American society. These contributions include constructions of railway, joining the military and protecting the Americans. Asians have also contributed in creating internet sites such as youtube and yahoo. The Asians have influenced other areas like fashion, religion, science and culture. For instance, the kung fu culture of the Chinese is greatly employed in Hollywood while creating action movies. Acts of discrimination towards Asian Americans in America are similar to other minority group. This racial discrimination bars the Asian American from participating in politics (Espiritu, 2011). The reason Asian Americans are discriminated against is Americans consider them foreigners. In conclusion, Buddhism is an Asian practice which the Asian have practiced almost all their lives, but this practice came to be known only in recent years. Discrimination of Asian Americans means that their religion, cultures, and practices are discriminated against. Buddhism is different from Asian Ethnic group because Buddhism is a practice done by the Asian communities. Discrimination should never be practiced in America because America is a multicultural society and the majority of people in America are citizens by birth. References Espiritu, Y. L. (2011). Asian American pan ethnicity: Bridging institutions and identities. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Seager, R. H. (2012). Buddhism in America. New York: Columbia University Press.

Annotated Bibliography. Generation Challenges in the future of nursing Essay

Annotated Bibliography. Generation Challenges in the future of nursing informatics - Essay Example Moreover, the article indicates that they are expected to make a reasonable effort in addressing rising demand for the nursing care services, which are focused on increasing supply of nurses. In this case, the nurses can increase their efficiency in the provision of care through the use of health Information Technology that has been considered a crucial issue through numerous discussions. The article covers issues related to the effect of the health IT and health informatics through an outlook of the nursing profession. In addition, the vendors across the health IT field are urged to facilitate understanding of the nursing profession through gearing them to meet challenges for reforming new era attributed to collaboration in offering health care services. Ball, M.J. (1995). Nursing Informatics: Where caring and technology meet. New York: Spinger-Verlag The book focuses on markets in health care practice and education settings, whereby it aims to address the issues relating to nursing practice and students; in fact, issues discussed relates to nursing leadership, nursing faculty and nursing informatics specialists. Moreover, this book is designed meet the needs of professionals in the health care fields such are quality officers, administrators, health IT professions, who are in the health care facilities. ... /journal_of_nursing/challenges_in_nursing_informatics.htm> The article discusses challenges faced by nurses due to constrains associated with innovation technology. It also seeks to explore ways through which these challenges can be overcome. The article offers nursing documentation, thereby explaining dynamics and complexity of the processes. Moreover, the article focuses on bridging the gaps that are present in the nursing documentation to the electronic record. In addition, there are abilities of nursing students discussed in the article, thereby allowing them to understand challenges, which are involving the constants evolutions of technology. In this case, the article offers relevant issues related to nursing practice in relation to challenges. Kaminski, (2011). Organizational management and generation X. Nursing Informatics. Retrieved on 2 Feb 2012 from The article takes into consideration the challenges and threats that are faced by managers in organizations, whereby this mana ger are classified into echelon of Baby Boomer and senior Silent Generation managers. These challenges are attributed to the emergence of the work force referred to Generation X, who are considered to be offering dynamic solutions to meet the needs of the workforce. The article covers issues related to technological knowledge, thereby facilitating the adaptability to change and diversity. There are other issues discussed in the article relating to sharing of time and downsizing, which have become a challenge to the organization. In this case, the unique brands of workers that are acquiescent to the needs are reflected in various scenes, in the workplace. Ericksen, A. (2009). Informatics: the future of nursing. RN journal. Retrieved on 2

Nespresso Entering Kiev Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nespresso Entering Kiev Market - Assignment Example It also includes target market, brand positioning and marketing mix. The report also encompasses market development which shows how Nespresso will survive and struggle. Finally, there is an exit strategy for Nespresso. Thus, this report will give an overall view of the possible hurdles and the outcomes that Nespresso might have to face. Keywords: Nespresso, Kiev, International Market According to Nespresso (2011), â€Å"As the worldwide pioneer, Nespresso redefined the way coffee lovers around the world enjoy their Espresso coffee through a unique combination of premium quality Grand Cru coffees, smart coffee machines and exceptional customer services.† â€Å"Kiev is the capital city of Ukraine, its largest economical, political, educational and cultural centre. Kiev offers endless opportunities for tourism† (Kiev, 2011) From the facts above, it is obvious that Nespresso has been doing great in international markets and Kiev seems to be a good investment for Nespresso. Even so, there are bound to be hurdles and opportunities at the same time. Therefore, the analysis done ahead will give us an insight on how Nespresso will do on entering Kiev. Purpose of the Plan The purpose of this business plan is to analyze the possibility of survival in Ukrainian market, to define the entry, marketing mix, and even to formulate an exit strategy, just in case. The situation analysis will help us learn whether it is feasible for Nespresso to enter Kiev or not. Thus, this business plan will help us foresee the outcomes of Nespresso entering Kiev market. The Idea Kiev is a good place for tourists, plus the people of Kiev not only eat local food but also eat continental food. They have Italian and French restaurants as well. They also like to eat fast food, American and Russian dishes. Thus, given that the people at Kiev have taste buds for food other than local Ukrainian dishes (Kiev, 2011). People all around the world crave coffee and if the coffee you are having is Nespresso then it is difficult to resist. Nespresso does not only give high quality coffee, but also provides an unmatched personal service. These days, service has become just as important as t he product, and Nespresso proves that it is excellent at both and that is what makes it so much better than other coffees. According to Nespresso (2011) â€Å"At  Nespresso, creating the perfect coffee is at the heart of what we do. Delighting coffee lovers is why we do it.† Hence that is basically the idea behind entering Kiev as well, to satisfy not only the need of taste buds but also the need of good service seekers. Situation Analysis In this case, the situation analysis will be done with the help of 5C’s. (Net MBA, 2010) Company Nespresso is espresso made by Nestle, it has a healthy rapport in the market not only locally but also in international market, be it west or east. Nespresso not only produces excellent quality coffee but also gives quality service which a huge plus. It also has a huge range of Nespresso machines which are smart, stylish and user friendly. Collaborators Nespresso works with its Ecollaboration partners to improve its sustainability (Nesp resso, 2011) Customers When it comes to coffee, there are those who go for supreme quality, then there are those who have coffee on daily basis and will go for coffee of any kind, some don’t like plain coffee and like to create drinks that have coffee with caramel, chocolate and other syrups. Nowadays, kids also tend to go for coffee as a beverage. For kids, however, there is more sugar involved. Thus, coffee is for all market segments, and Nespresso can cater to the needs of all. Competitors For Nespresso,

The Impact of Stock Markets on Economic Growth Essay

The Impact of Stock Markets on Economic Growth - Essay Example This paper describes the mechanism of the of the impact of stock market on long-term economic indicators, regarding the growth of the economy. Main channels of stock markets influence on economic growth of a country are specified. It is known that stock markets are connected with the economic growth through the creation of liquidity. It means that really profitable investments demand just long-turn capital commitment, but investors don’t want to relinquish their capital for such long time without any control. Actually liquid stock markets make their investments more secure and in such way more attractive. Stock markets allow investors to acquire equity (an asset) and then to sell it rather quickly and without any problems. Liquid stock markets facilitate long-term investments and make them more profitable. It is apparent that stock markets are necessary and important for growth, because they improve capital allocation and in such a way they enhance prospects for long-term economic development. Stock markets as it was mentioned above make investments more secure and attractive. Actually well-functioning stock market is useful and necessary for economic development through following issues: growth of investments and savings, effective and efficient resources allocation, better distribution and utilization of existing resources. Volatility of stock markets had negative influence in France and Japan. Stock market volatility didn’t affect greatly the United Kingdom. Concerning Germany the volatility was stated to be insignificant.

Art of Modern China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Art of Modern China - Research Paper Example â€Å"Chinese painting, which is based on graphic conventions, builds from a planar, rather than an optical, structure. Early pictorial representation, using graphic symbols, reads both horizontally along register lines and vertically in an open field in the picture surface.† (Fong, 2003, no page number.) This close relationship between the written word and the pictorial image lasted for many centuries right into the twentieth century. The administrators and courtiers of successive imperial dynasties were generally the only people who possessed the literary skills necessary to be an artist and they produced beautiful monochrome pictures in black ink, sometimes with washes of carefully chosen colors, representing landscape or birds, fish and animals. In the sixth century a set of six laws of painting were formed by Xie He (active c. 500-535) and they are Spirit Resonance, or vitality; Bone Method, a type of brushwork; Correspondence to the Object, or depicting of forms, Suitabi lity of Type, a method of laying on colors; Division and Planning, which means arrangement or composition; and Transmission by Copying, which is a way of ensuring that ancient models are passed on to future generations. (Clunes, 2009, p. 46). As technologies such as woodblocks and various kinds of printing developed, so the range of colors grew, and experimentation in the use of lines and washes also. The key ancient features of Chinese painting styles were cumulative, and change was gradual, that is to say, successive generations of artists consciously incorporated the earlier techniques of the masters, and carried them forward by synthesizing them into new compositions. Copying older works was advocated as a way of improving, and this is why there is such a consistent and recognizable line of tradition all the way through Chinese ink painting so that â€Å"every compositional detail, every outline, texture and ink wash had its origin in an ancient source.† (Sullivan, 2000, p. 258). Simpler peasant styles, especially portraits, with clear ink outlines were popular alongside the more sophisticated literati styles. Contribution of The Shanghai School to Chinese Ink Painting. Things began to change, however, in the middle of the nineteenth century when China began to open up to influences from the West, and one city in particular was most receptive to this new phenomenon: Shanghai. As a thriving port city it was the point of arrival for many ships and it became the most international of all art scenes in China, fuelled by the profits of traders from within China and beyond. Artists from the provinces flocked to Shanghai in the hope of finding buyers and patrons for their work. In the 1840s and 1850s the prevailing style was still was traditional bird-and-flower paintings using a wash without outlines. This style was used by Zhang Xiong (1803-1886), a

The relationship of ethical climate Research Paper

The relationship of ethical climate - Research Paper Example The wars fought to be a monarch, the brawls between various political parties, the rivalry for becoming the head of department and the intense competition to become the CEO symbolizes the inborn fancy humans have for Control ,command and to have immense clout to pilot people. This task is however not a piece of cake, while leading and managing people a person is not merely administering a subordinate or an inferior. If we place ourselves in the shoes of a manager or a higher authority, it would be an easy deduction that one has to tackle a substantial array of different ‘’psychological’’ conducts and has to knob the infinite mood swings at times. There are some evils linked with supervision particularly in organizations, the most treacherous to handle is the problem employees. This special clan of people creates problems falling in an either inconsequential category or a colossal group that instigates the employer to take some imperative action instantly. F or instance there are a number of reasons an employee can motivate an employer to show them the door: Insubordination, theft, excess absences and tardiness etc (J, 2006). The high turnover of the employees multiplies the ordeals for the management.   Therefore the employers chalk out diverse strategies to correct the awkward actions or simply opt for the termination approach. But the employee turnover can hurt the overall productivity and is often a symptom of other difficulties. (J, 2006).  ... There are some evils linked with supervision particularly in organizations, the most treacherous to handle is the problem employees. This special clan of people creates problems falling in an either inconsequential category or a colossal group that instigates the employer to take some imperative action instantly. For instance there are a number of reasons an employee can motivate an employer to show them the door: Insubordination, theft, excess absences and tardiness etc (J, 2006). The high turnover of the employees multiplies the ordeals for the management. Therefore the employers chalk out diverse strategies to correct the awkward actions or simply opt for the termination approach. But the employee turnover can hurt the overall productivity and is often a symptom of other difficulties. Other costs of turnover are associated with selecting, orienting and training new workers (Billikopf, 2003). So the healthier alternative is to craft some on-job techniques and corrective measures th at can improve the working ambiance. Details: Around the world the managers and officials are trying to manage the digressions of their problematic subordinates. There are different procedures that are chalked out by people to direct the trouble-creators. For instance confrontation, 360 degrees feedback, termination, environmental upgrading and augmentation in incentives are the few things that are commonly practiced to humanize the negative mind-sets. But if certain sociological theories of deviance are considered profoundly they portray another side of the picture. As in the ‘’labeling theory’’ states that the deviance is socially constructed process in

Employee Relations and Employee Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Relations and Employee Law - Essay Example The latter was largely unpopular with employers and some employees but provided a lot of billing time to the legal fraternity due to its intricate and indefinite procedures that were wrought with problematic clauses. An Associate at Mogers Associates, Tim Gofton observed that, ‘The complexity of the SDRP and the wide interpretations given by Tribunals to important areas of the SDRP (such as supposedly straightforward issues such as what constitutes a ‘grievance’) pushed employees towards seeking legal advice. This in itself pushed parties further away from resolution’ (Gofton, 2009 p.2). For the second time in five years, dispute resolution between employers and employees will be radically overhauled through an introduction of a process that has less stringent measures to the defaulting persons or entities when compared to the earlier process. While a majority of the players have welcomed the new forum for resolution of grievances, others have questioned the ambiguities encompassed in the new code which might lead to further escalation of grievance claims like in the earlier process (an increase by 40 - 65 percent within the last two years). Tynan (2009), however asserts that ‘the code is certainly less prescriptive than the old statutory dispute resolution procedures (SDRPs) that promoted fixation on procedural compliance rather than working actively to resolve the dispute.’(Tynan, 2009, p. 1). The formation of the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) in 1975 was preceded by a period of great turmoil in the relationships between employers and their staff. Large-scale industrial unrest in the late 1970s and 1980s was widespread due to lack of an agreeable dispute or grievance resolutions mechanism between the employers and employees. The government as a result formed ACAS through the Employment Protection Act to act as the arbitrator in the many highly volatile national strikes that were paralysing the nation hence sabotaging

MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS (Paragon Software Ltd) Assignment

MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS (Paragon Software Ltd) - Assignment Example The report will also explore the other marketing communication tools that can be used together with exhibition to promote the sales. Marketing communication can be described as the process which attempts to advance the interests of the company, product range or the brand. It comprises of the following elements; personal selling, sales promotion, advertising, public relations, and direct marketing. The main purpose of marketing communication is to persuade the customer (Kimmel 2005, p1). Exhibitions are very vital elements in the marketing communication strategies. These exhibitions have advantages and disadvantages. Exhibitions assist the organization to create relationships with the stakeholders on the basis of meeting face to face. There are varied reasons as to the use of exhibitions in an organization. Exhibitions come in three forms and each form aims at a certain group within the market; the consumer, the trade and both the trade and the consumer. The last category (exhibitions aimed at both the consumer and the trade) is the most common form of exhibition. Majority of the exhibitions begin as a trade exhibition and after a week or so, they become open to the public. A fee is paid by the public for entry into the exhibition. The fee is a source of revenue for the company. Most of the times, the products in the exhibition are of little or no interest to the public, thus, they may not purchase the products (Lancaster n.d., p1). Exhibitions can produce sales lead for the company. Immediate sales are achievable because the buyer comes to the trade fairs. New contacts of a business nature are made with the customers and even with the competitors. Positive media coverage is enjoyed by the organization through exhibition (Donaldson and Smit 2007, p86). Exhibitions at times are considered as a promotional activity. Exhibitions are encompassed within the trade shows and trade fairs. These trade shows perform two functions; non-selling and selling

Analysis of Healthcare Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of Healthcare Leadership - Essay Example In the healthcare sector, the provision of quality healthcare has always been a key point of concern. The reason is that in healthcare, the lives of patients and their future lie in the hands of hospital practitioners like doctors, nurses and the support staff. All of these fragments of the hospital structure work together in liaison with the administration to ensure that quality service is provided to better the lives of the patients. To achieve quality; however, flexible and appropriate leadership styles need to be applied to ensure that the whole hospital structure's coordination effects service provision. To bring about this quality also requires effective leadership styles that aim to address any resistance to change and flexibility. In leadership, understanding the application and development of leadership theories prepares a healthcare manager in his tasks of predicting, explaining ad controlling operations. I challenge the validity of Kumar’s support for the transforma tional style of leadership and propose that the contingency style of leadership is the best option for ensuring change through the engagement of those resistant to it. Good leadership in health care has increasingly become a major issue as stakeholders have made the realization that through effective leaders, institutional change can occur. Robin Kumar in Leadership and Healthcare proposes that the transformational style is most effective in leadership since it attracts followers to own change.

African-American women Essay Example for Free

African-American women Essay Firstly however we must address the problems that occur when separating the effects of time and interference. Baddeley and Hitch (1977) conducted a survey whereby they asked rugby players to recall the names of teams they had played against during the previous season. Due to illness and injury some of the players had been unable to play in all the fixtures. This meant for some of the players two games back meant two weeks ago whereas with others two games back meant four or five weeks ago. The findings showed that passage of time was not the main factor that determined how well the teams could be recalled, but it was the number of games that effected recall. In other words forgetting occurred more often where team members had other games interfere with previous fixtures rather than trace decay. If interference is the major cause of forgetting within L. T. M it should be true that people will remember material over a time period providing no interfering material intervenes. It is clearly difficult to set up a condition whereby no participant is immobilized after learning with any opportunity for the occurrence of any new learning. This has led researchers to look at the effect of different types of interfering material on recall. McGeoch and McDonald (1931) asked participants to learn and relearn lists of adjectives and then compared their performance on recall tests after interpolated tasks. Forgetting these adjectives was at its least when participants simply had to rest during the learning and recall and increased when participants were required to learn nonsense syllables in the interval. Rates were even higher when it was adjectives that were learned in the interval and were at there highest when the adjectives learned were similar in meaning to the original list. This shows that forgetting increases as a function of the similarity of the interfering material. Retroactive Interference Proactive Interference Retrieval Failure This is also known as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon and comes about when we think we know something but cannot recall it at that precise moment in time. This is due to the fact that the correct retrieval cues are not available. Sometimes different words related to the original memory can prompt us to remember the memory and these are called interlopers. Brown (1991) has reviewed this phenomenon for the last 25 years and has concluded that people can correctly name the first letter of the target word between 50 and 70 per cent of the time along with being correctly accurate with the number of syllables in the word. The interloper theory (retrieval cue) was investigated by Perfect and Hanley (1992) who found that distinctiveness of the target word and its similarity in meaning play a factor in recall. Tulving was another researcher to investigate retrieval cues and it was his work with Osler (1968) that led to some interesting findings. They presented participants with lists of words, each paired off with a weakly associated cue word e. g. city-dirty. Participants where then tested for free recall (without the cue word) or were cued with the word e. g. dirty. They found that cued recall consistently produced higher levels of recall. To counteract the argument that any semantic association might aid the recall, they gave participants weak semantic associates which were different to that of the original cue words. These cues did not aid in recall and so led them to conclude that specific retrieval cues aid recall if and only if the information is stored at the same time as the information about the membership of the word in a given list. While Tulving stressed the importance of cues at the encoding stage he later admitted that cues not present at this stage could also be helpful under certain circumstances. Context Dependant and State Dependant Learning Research has shown that we remember more if we recall things in the same state as what we learned them in. In other words how we encode material at the time of learning is clearly important. Godden and Baddeley (1975) presented deep-sea divers with lists of words to learn. They learned these on the beach and under 15 feet of water. Recall was then tested in either the same or the opposite environment. Findings showed that recall was significantly better if tested in the same environment. These differences however are only small but it has been suggested that by even simply imagining the original environment can be helpful. Smith (1979) gave participants a list of 80 words to learn while sitting in a distinctive basement room. The following day he tested some of the participants on recall in the basement room and others in a fifth floor room with quite different surroundings. Average recall for the basement group was 18 but for those in the fifth floor room it was only 12. A third group was tested in the fifth floor room but were instructed to imagine themselves in the basement. The average recall for this was 17 words. There is also some evidence to suggest that not only external environment plays a role in recall but also our internal environment i. e. physiological state or mood may play a part. Godwin et al (1969) found that heavy drinkers who learn things in a drunken state are more likely to recall them in a similar state. Eich (1980) has found similar findings with a range of drugs including marijuana. Research into the Role of Emotional Factors in Forgetting Flashbulb Memories Psychologists have often ignored the role of emotion in human cognitive processes but it seems likely that the way we feel has an impact upon the way we remember things and one particular type of memory that seems to be influenced by emotion have been called flashbulb memories. This is a particularly vivid, detailed and long lasting memory of an event that is usually highly significant and emotional and is usually unexpected. It can be a personal event or something that provokes worldwide interest e. g. death of Princess Diana. Research carried out by Brown and Kulik has led them to conclude that the event must be surprising and have real consequences for the persons life. They believe that such an emotional event triggers a neural mechanism that causes details of the scene to be imprinted on the memory. They believe it is a special type of memory because the detail and accuracy with which the event is remembered and the fact that the structural form of the memory is always so similar. They believe six different types of information about the event are stored being i. Where they were ii. What they were doing iii. The person who gave them the news iv. What they felt about it v. What others felt about it vi. What happened in the immediate aftermath However not all psychologists believe that flashbulb memories are special. Neisser (1982) believes that the longitivity of such memories result from frequent rehearsal and reworking of the event rather from neural activity at that precise moment in time. He believed that we recall it clearly due to the fact that we resort to storytelling techniques when telling someone about the event. It is still unclear whether flashbulb memories represent a particular type of memory or whether they are substantially similar to most memories for big events. Repression Another view about the way in which we forget things was put forward by Freud (1915-18) who believed that some memories become inaccessible as a result of repression. He believed that we use an unconscious process that ensures that threatening or anxiety-provoking memories are kept from our conscious awareness. These memories may stay repressed for years and never come to mind or can do in the form of hysterical neurosis. Although it has proved difficult to recreate repression in laboratory circumstances a number of attempts have been made. Levinger and Clark (1961) asked participants to generate associated words with words presented by them. Some of these words were emotionally neutral e. g. tree, window and others were emotionally arousing e. g. angry, quarrel. When asked to recall these associated words results showed that people tended to recall the emotionally neutral ones as opposed to the emotionally provoking ones, which helps to support the idea of repression. However such tests are considered suspect and Holmes (1990) concluded that there is no experimental support for the concept of repression. Recently research has focused upon repressed memories associated with child sexual abuse and whether or not recovered memories are genuine. The main problem with assessing whether or not they are true is that they have no independent, objective corroborative evidence. Williams (1992) found that 38 percent of a group of African-American women who were known to have suffered abuse reported repressed memories about it although it was clear that some of these memories were false. Loftus (1997) conducted an extensive review of studies that led him to believe that even psychologically healthy individuals altered their memory of events based on false suggestions about them. Baddelley concluded that it is important to exercise great caution in interpreting such reports.

Ethical Issues in the UK Government

Ethical Issues in the UK Government Part 1: Case study analysis[D1] Question 1:  Describe the main activities pursued by government. The UK government is a democratically elected entity that has jurisdictional rule over Great Britain and Northern Ireland forming what is commonly known at the United Kingdom. This government is led by the Prime Minister and consists of a tripartite system of a legislative, executive and judicial branches in order to rule consistently and fairly. In the case of the UK government, the legislative branch consists of the Cabinet, which is made up of government ministers who are responsible for making and deciding laws. The executive and legal branches represents the two Houses of Parliament; The House of Commons and The House of Lords respectively. The House of Commons carries out laws and represents peoples (constituencies) interests and the House of Lords scrutinise, amends and evaluates laws. There is also the Supreme Court, which also deals with judicial matters. The UK government also has a monarch figure head in the form of the Queen, who reads out decisions made in her speech. The UK government is responsible for protecting and providing both the economic and social systems of UK society by implementing decent laws for financial stability in UK markets and for providing public services including health care, education and transport for all members of society and including decent legislation to safeguard the quality of jobs and the welfare of citizens. Housing could be incorporated into that list as housing issues are a current concern in the UK. (Jonn Elledge 2017). Some say housing should be top priority for the government. (DCLG priority objectives, 2015 to 2020). The debates around housing vary between demands for the government to build more homes to combat the housing deficiencies around the country, due to densely populated towns and cities. Arguments around redeveloping inner cities and building new social housing on existing brown field sites, or capping private rental fees are all feasible with some ingenuity and forward planning by a willing gove rnment. Discuss the role of government in the case study provided. On the other side of the spectrum are the super-rich who, over many years, have been able to spend small fortunes on acquiring houses in London and other parts of the UK. The case study analysis (Booth, 2016) shows that the UK government has woken up to the fact that some rich millionaires are taking liberties by buying up properties in the UK, using money from questionable sources. The article shows the government has acted proactively and quite boldly to establish a legal framework to put new anti-corruption rules cracking down on offshore secrecy (Booth, 2016) in place to allow for a more transparent process when wealthy investors buy up expensive UK properties. This action by the government to ensure overseas investors and offshore companies have to join a public register of beneficial ownership (Booth, 2016) will reduce corruption in the housing industry. Implementing this legal framework will act as a precedent in safeguarding the UK housing market. It is a bold move by the gov ernment because the article points out many extremely affluent people may sell up their homes and relocate elsewhere as they will lose their anonymity in the UK once this new legislation becomes law. Question 2:  Describe how supply and demand interact to shape prices and  discuss how this applies to Londons property market. The property market is extremely unique in regards to supply and demand concepts. In the property market demand outstrips supply and some of the determinants of this is due to the increases in population, the obtainability of available property and stamp duty costs. There is a lack of Ceteris paribus meaning that all is not equal or held constant in the UK property market at the moment. (Alessandro Sancino, 2015) Before the economic crisis in 2008, house prices continued to soar at unprecedented levels allowing the equilibrium of supply and demand in the property industry to go off track. The economic crash brought with it opportunities for regulating the property market, and allows the elasticity of demand to fall back in line with supply and bring the levels of equilibrium back to an level playing field for the UK property market. Question 3:  Using one theory of ethics, describe the key ethical issues in the case and what you think the Prime Minister should do. A theory of ethics that is relevant for this discussion would be the ethics around justice in organisations and societies. Justice is an ethical perspective that takes account of how benefits and resources are distributed in a society, or even within an organisation. It asks one to think about how one might design just opportunities and the distribution of wealth. (Owain SmoloviĆ¡-Jones, 2015). This theory of ethics would be ideal for the UK government to consider when implementing regulation of the housing market. Ideas around the distributive justice is imperative for a democratic government. I think that this type of ethics is important in regulating the property market because it gives young people a better chance to own their own home and not be priced out the housing market for the foreseeable future. The government that was in power when the case study was written was run by the Conservative Party and led by David Cameron. That government has overtones of having a ca pitalist perspective, which holds that justice is determined by the benefits generated through work which should be distributed according to contribution. In order to apply to a greater demographic of society, that particular government incorporated elements of justice through a socialist perspective to gain greater appeal. This may have been the thinking behind regulating the housing market in the fashion they chose as highlighted in the case study. (Booth, 2016) So that not only the super-rich would benefit from future home ownership in London. This thinking was right in order for the government to show that they are listening to the concerns about the need for regulation in the property sector being generated by MPs, who have been speaking on behalf of their constituents. Question 4:  Identified two human rights that are important in the case.  Explain why these are important and how the Prime Minister should respond. There are two human rights from the Declaration of Human Rights charter (1948) that are relevant for discussion here. The first, Article 12, states that No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948). The UK government should factor in this human rights article in regards to the implications of regulating the London housing market because the case study (Booth, 2016) shows that the super-rich could abandon plans to buy homes in Britain, as they would lose their anonymity once they join the public register for foreign home ownership in the UK. The government should respond to these concerns by putting plans in place, maybe through an advisory board, to make sure the public register, although public, is not used as a tool by the media to scapegoat the super-rich and scaremonger the wider public with tales of unfair home ownership by foreign investors. As undoubtable, the super-rich do make substantial contributions to the UK economy that the government would not want to lose. The second, Article 17 states that everyone should be able to purchase property in their home country (Human Rights Declaration, 1948). This is self-explanatory and affords the government leverage to act on behalf of the interests of British citizens without breaking any discriminatory laws. Currently house prices are soaring at an increasing extent and arguments widely heard include that buying homes are becoming increasingly difficult for first time buyers, and young people to purchase. Due in part to the huge deposits needed to secure a mortgage and the ominous increases in the private rental market. The UK government could use this article to their advantage by stating that this regulatory measure will be used as a stepping stone for further regulation of the housing market and look to tackle these other issues as the next priority. Activities could include working with private sector businesses through Public Private Partnerships to build more homes on existing brownfield sites and factor in through further legislation that only a third of those homes can be sold to foreign investors, whilst two-thirds are ring-fenced for British citizens using, on this occasion, the controversial concept of positive discrimination in regards to British citizens seen as priority over foreign investors. References Sancino, A, Readings 37-45 (2015), Open University. Booth (2016) Super-rich may quit London homes under new anti-corruption rules Open University. Department for Communities and Local Governments (DCLG) single departmental plan. Priority objectives for 2015 to 2020. [online] (Updated 2 September 2016). Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dclg-single-departmental-plan-2015-to-2020/single-departmental-plan-2015-to-2020. Elledge, J (2017) Britains housing crisis could be solved if only the government wanted to. The Guardian, 30 January 2017 [online]. Available at https://www.google.co.uk/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jan/30/britain-housing-crisis-solved-social-housing. SmoloviĆ¡-Jones, O (2015), Readings 46-55, Open University. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) [online] Available at http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/. [D1]I note straiught awqay that you have not used the full word count. You appear to be short by several hundred words. Please ensure you use the full allowance in your EMA. While quantity doies not guarantee quality, by missing out on so many words there will be an effect on the quality fo your work.

American Adam Myth

American Adam Myth The term American Adam generally refers to a mythic concept considered by some critics and scholars to be the central element of American literature. Its assumption is based on the view of European colonists who saw America, the New World, not only as a haven from religious persecution, but also as a new Garden of Eden. This concept of the second garden offered a new beginning, free of the collective error that had pervaded the world since the failure of the first spiritual experiment in that original garden, where Adam had fallen to evil and lost his innocence. By the late 18th century, the religious premise of the adamic myth has changed and now referred to a rather heroic being which was believed to be the core of the American character. Despite these parallels between the adamic myth and the perceptions that some settlers had of themselves, the myth of the American Adam did not substantially enter the cultural discourse until the 19th century and by that time it had lost many of the other elements associated with the biblical version. The American Adam in the 19th Century Literature Instead, the 19th century version of the adamic myth emphasizes on the isolated figure of Adam himself. He, at this stage, demonstrates a figure of immense possibilities that is, at least in certain readings, made vulnerable by his own spiritual virtues. Unlike his biblical prototype, the American Adam is less the product of Gods handiwork but more a creature of his own making. The image of Adam in all his ambition and optimism is perhaps best represented in the pages of Ralph Waldo Emersons Nature. Emerson described this person as an authentic man who is free of the constraints of the past and of the limitations imposed by centuries of tradition. Moreover, this Adam stands for a man that is centered on the future and the promise inherent in the very newness of America. At the same time, however, the innocence of this American Adam is inevitably shaped and altered by experience. Emerson expressed this innocence or experience duality in what he termed the Party of Hope and the Party of Memory. The party of hope, on the one hand, believed that the individual conscience was clear because it was unpolluted by the past. In this context, America had no past, only a present and a future. The key term in the moral vocabulary consequently was innocence. The most prominent representatives of this view of the American Adam are Emerson, Thoreau and Whitman. The party of memory, on the other hand, believed in sin and corruption to be the central element of Adams character. Therefore, Adam remains part of the heritage of humanity. Furthermore, a third concept of the American Adam was developed by the scholar R. W. B. Lewis. He called it the party of Irony. This third party believed in the paradox that a unique spiritual strength can arise from the inevitable clash of innocence with experience. This element is apparent in texts of Melville and Hawthorne. Thoreau: The Recovery of Innocence For followers of the party of Hope, experience remained only the gray shadow of reality. If this Adam could keep his perspective fresh and new, free of the traditional and conventional morals, he would come into full possession of authentic existence. Noone followed this course with greater commitment than Henry David Thoreau. In the experiment that became Walden, Thoreaus masterpiece, the author became a literal Adam himself, leaving the town of Concord to enter the more edenic surroundings of Walden Pond. There, in solitude, he was determined to confront only the essentials of life. From Emerson, Thoreau had learnt to reject tradition and historical Christianity. Moreover, he was to look at natural surroundings instead- to the nature of things that had not yet been encroached upon by civilization. In this sense, Thoreau effectively distanced himself from the corrupting influences that he believed characterized 19th century New England. His purpose was not to ignore them, but to rep lace them with rediscovered values of greater importance. In establishing his own Eden in proximity to the conventional civilization of Concord, Thoreau suggested that the essential innocence of the new American Adam can be both recovered and maintained by the discovery and examination of the essentials of life that is inherent in human nature as well as in the nature of wilderness. Walden, which begins with the limitations imposed on personal freedom by such conventions as property and the responsibilities of ownership, ends with the coming of spring, marking the new dawn that awaits the enlightened Adam. Whitman: An adamic Archetype Walt Whitman, who was also a strong representative of Emersons party of Hope, continued where Thoreau left off. He did not only feel a sense of approval with the American myth, he lived it. Where Thoreau recognized that some people might not respond to his call for an awakening, Whitmans subjective view seemed to allow for no such consideration. All negatives became positives for this personification of the American Adam who moved with total confidence through a world in which the new dawn of promise became an unending sunny day. In poems such as Song of Myself, which is part of the Leaves of Grass series, Whitman celebrates innocent, natural, and seemingly unlimited virtue. This state is not a recovery of natural perfection, since in Whitmans world there is no fall to recover from. A man, in his view, is self-created in the present and exists in the perfection of his innocent, confident creation. Song of Myself Trippers and askers surround me, People I meet, the effect upon me of my early life or the ward and city I live in, or the nation, The latest dates, discoveries, inventions, societies, authors old and new, My dinner, dress, associates, looks, compliments, dues, The real or fancied indifference of some man or woman I love, The sickness of one of my folks or of myself, or ill-doing or loss or lack of money, or depressions or exaltations, Battles, the horrors of fratricidal war, the fever of doubtful news, the fitful events; These come to me days and nights and go from me again, But they are not the Me myself. Apart from the pulling and hauling stands what I am, Stands amused, complacent, compassionating, idle, unitary, Looks down, is erect, or bends an arm on an impalpable certain rest, Looking with side-curved head curious what will come next, Both in and out of the game and watching and wondering at it. In this part of Whitmans poem, he clearly shows Emersons individual: The new Adam who is a man that contends that nothing, not even God, is greater than oneself. If we want a profile of this new Adam then we could start with the adjectives Whitman himself provides: amused, complacent, compassionating, idle and unitary. Finally, Whitman not only presented the dream of the new Adam, he also created the world in which the American Adam was to live. Melville: Damned in the Midst of Paradise Not all writers agreed with Thoreaus and Whitmans overly optimistic view. What provoked such a disagreement was the realization by writers like Herman Melville that the static moral innocence of the Adam could prove a spiritual liability in a fallen world, and could even become spiritually destructive. A good example of such a tragic Adam is Captain Ahab in Melvilles Masterpiece Moby Dick: I feel deadly faint, and bowed, and humped, as though I were Adam staggering beneath the piled centuries since Paradise. (Melville, Moby Dick, Chapter 11) No turbaned Turk, no hired Venetian or Malay, could have smote him with more seeming malice. Small reason was there to doubt, then, that ever since that almost fatal encounter, Ahab had cherished a wild vindictiveness against the whale, all the more fell for that in his frantic morbidness he at last came to identify with him, not only all his bodily woes, but all his intellectual and spiritual exasperations. The White Whale swam before him as the monomaniac incarnation of all those malicious agencies which some deep men feel eating in them, till they are left living on with half a heart and half a lung. That intangible malignity which has been from the beginning; to whose dominion even the modern Christians ascribe one-half of the worlds; which the ancient Ophites of the east reverenced in their statue devil; Ahab did not fall down and worship it like them; but deliriously transferring its idea to the abhorred White Whale, he pitted himself, all mutilated, against it. All that most maddens and torments; all that stirs up the lees of things; all truth with malice in it; all that cracks the sinews and cakes the brain; all the subtle demonisms of life and thought; all evil, to crazy Ahab, were visibly personified, and made practically assailable in Moby Dick. He piled upon the whales white hump the sum of all the general rage and hate felt by his whole race from Adam down; and then, as if his chest had been a mortar, he burst his hot hearts shell upon it (Ch. 41) Ahab, in Moby Dick, almost functions as the antagonist to Emersons plain old Adam He is characterized as a being that is somehow damned in the midst of paradise. Personally, he is motivated by a kind of metaphysical sense of revenge. Most strikingly, he has lost his leg to the White Whale. Ahab not only intends to strike out against it and against whatever power that stands behind it, he also wants to strike at the thing that permits evil in the world. Regarding this goal, his quest is titanic, but ultimately doomed. Moby Dick lures Ahab to his death. As a symbol of American arrogance, he is aiming to establish an American Eden, freed from the curse of original sin. And Melvilles message, through Ishmael, the only survivor, is that this quest is doomed and can only lead to death. Conclusion: The American Adam in Modern Works In every of the three cases presented, the adamic theme is apparent in many works of 19th century American Literature. However, the precise interpretation of the adamic being is not unitary but versatile and complex. Finally, the idea of the American Adam did not end with the American Renaissance, but continued to be a major theme in more modern works such as Scott Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby.

The Internet and Plagiarism Essay -- Internet Plagiarism Essays Cheati

The Internet and Plagiarism The World Wide Web is larger than any one person can imagine. There are an infinite amount of links to libraries and other sources of information. There are numerous search engines, such as Yahoo, which make researching really easy. We can find anything that we want on line, because there are no boundaries to our explorations, and there are no laws to stop us. You can find anything from socks to guns. People can even find completed research papers online; they simply copy and paste it to a new document, make a few adjustments, and it is ready to turn in. Un-honest people do this every day, and it has become a common problem among high schools and colleges. This is a serious problem known as plagiarism, which has become easier through Internet access. The Internet has negative and positive effects on plagiarism in today’s society. What makes a person steal another person’s work? What makes a person copy lines from an article, essay, book or an encyclopedia? Plagiarism, what is Plagiarism? How do people know if they have plagiarized? We live in a fast pace world, and a little boost now and then to help us get our job done faster won’t hurt. Truthfully, it can hurt you more than you know! Plagiarism is defined as using someone’s words and ideas without giving proper credit to the author1. It is actually taking credit for a research and thought process that you never attempted. It is pretending to have knowledge of a subject that you don’t have a clue about. Did you know that you could get in trouble for plagiarizing from yourself? It is possible. That old paper that you revised for a new assignment can get you in some deep trouble. Plagiarism has been a problem among high schools and colle... ...s can be caught on the web. The Internet also has great web sites that teach you how to paraphrase a paragraph and, how to avoid plagiarism: http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/wts/plagiarism.html, and, http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html. Not every person that plagiarizes will be caught, but hopefully people will become more aware of the consequences they may face. In our present society, people are effected daily by plagiarism from online sources. It is an unjust way to get a task completed, and is unfair to the author. Sites that offer easy way outs plague the Internet, and they are infecting students of all ages. Luckily, sites are being formed to help professors and teachers to stop such acts. There will never be a way to totally control plagiarism but we can only hope that the consequences for plagiarism will keep honest people honest.

Penelope and Alcestis as Ideal Greek Females Essay -- Homers Odyssey

Penelope of the Odyssey and Alcestis of Alcestis as Ideal Greek Females   Ã‚   Although there is some disagreement concerning the Greek’s definition of the ideal female, there is little disagreement that two women represented this Greek ideal. The character of Penelope of Homer's Odyssey 1 and Alcestis of Euripides' Alcestis 2, came to represent the same ideal of female excellence. The Greeks referred to this ideal female as a sophron woman. The qualities possessed by a sophron woman are tangible; she is a good housekeeper, a nurturer of her husband, a child-bearer. She is chaste, graceful and does not like to talk about sex with other women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Helen F. North in an article regarding the etymology of sophrosyne, the word originated in the Homeric epics as saophrosyne, which implies "soundness of mind" and is used only in relation to men.4 The word implies both "self-knowledge" and "a sense of propriety," putting one in mind of the inscription at Delphi. It is notable that in relation to men, sophrosyne does not carry specific behavioral connotations, as it does when it comes to be applied to women. Penelope's story, set in the time immediately proceeding the Trojan War, is one of strategic waiting. The Odyssey begins with stasis; simultaneously, Odysseus' departure from Ogygia and Telemachos' coming of age set the events of the epic in motion. As a woman, Penelope has no momentum of her own, but must operate on that of her kyrios. This is not to imply that Penelope is by definition powerless, but it is worth noting that the sphere of her effectiveness is actively determined by the wishes of the men responsible for her. In fact, Penelope faces a drastically reduced role whether Odysseus returns or... ...ophrosyne as the Virtue of Women in Antiquity." From Marcovich, Miroslave, ed. Illinois Classical Studies II (1977): 36. 4 Ibid: 37. 5 Ibid: 36.    Works Consulted Diana Buitron-Oliver and Beth Cohen,   "Between Skylla and Penelope: Female Characters of the Odyssey in Archaic and Classical Greek Art," pp. 29-58. "Female Representations and Interpreting the Odyssey," by Seth Schein, pp. 17-27. Richard Brilliant, "Kirke's Men: Swine and Sweethearts," pp. 165-73. Helene Foley, "Penelope as Moral Agent," in Beth Cohen, ed., The Distaff Side (Oxford 1995), pp. 93-115. "The Odyssey, History, and Women," by A. J. Graham, pp. 3-16, and Jennifer Neils, "Les Femmes Fatales: Skylla and the Sirens in Greek Art," pp. 175-84. Lillian Doherty, Siren Songs: Gender, Audiences, and Narrators in the Odyssey (Ann Arbor 1995), esp. chapter 1.

Death benefits Essay

Scholars such as Gnckenzie (2007) advised people to take action before the 1st of July in order to ensure that they stand an opportunity to benefit under the new super rules. Among the things people were advised to do were to make a clear review on their nominations of death benefits, to make sure that they were still appropriate and in the current manner. Doing a review on insurance cover was also necessary to consider whether the amount in the account should be increased or not. Another strategy was to do a combination of all or part of the money for those who started their funds before 1983, the 1st of July. The set one million as a limit was also supposed to be utilized by people if they were to get advantage in the new changes. According to Betamann (2006) a person was supposed to make sure that they had effectively quoted the number on the tax file (TFN) to make good use of the new rules on their superannuation funds. Co-contributions were to be appropriately made to the government for the people whose contributions on the super is non-concessional, all these were recommended to be done before 1st July 2007. People were also advised to review their arrangements on salary contributions and confirm that the contributions they made did not go above the set limits. The set one million as a limit should be utilized by people if they are to get advantage in the new changes. A recommendation was also made that one should make sure that they have effectively quoted the TFN to make good use of the new rules on their superannuation funds. Co-contributions should be appropriately made to the government for the people whose contributions on the super is non-concessional. Annette (2006) advised people to make a review on minimum payments allocated on pension and be careful about the amount of money they withdraw, because if one withdraws a lot of money, then it means their accounts would soon run out. There was an advice to people to make applications for the health card of the seniors if they were legible for that. Checking whether one would suitably fit in the non-commutable to be able to enjoy the benefit of exception on the asset test which is on a 50% limit. Conclusion By and large the, the changes made on the 2007 simplified superannuation Act as Gnckenzie (2007) stated, have had a great improvement on the lives of the employees who were approaching retirement period. The exemption of tax, tax deduction, reduction of tax on death penalties and tax free death benefits upon the immediate dependents are among the benefits the seniors have enjoyed. However, the limitations introduced in the Act may have negative effects on the retirees who may not be able to comply. If a retiree takes action on the advice offered by the scholars, then they stand a great chance to take advantage of the 1st of July simplified superannuation Act. References Annette, N. (2006).Choices of Individual Investment and Retirement Enhancement: The Subcommittee Hearing. New York: McGraw Publishers. Batemann, H. (2006). Retirement Provision in Scary Markets (3rd ed. ). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Clare, S. (2005). Retirement in Australia and Superannuation: The Government Fund. Cambridge: Anderson Publishers. Cohen, P. (1998). Superannuation and Retirement (2nd ed. ). Chicago: Moody Press Gnckenzie, R. (2007). The Book That talks On Money: How to Manage Your Money Well. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Experimental Psychology Stroop Effect Essay

The research assessed in this article discusses the Stroop final result. The Stroop solvent occurs when our discriminating c ar fails and we are unable to cling to nearly information and ignore the rest. This chew over tests the Stroop case by presenting the player with a congruous or in appropriate news program and the musician is asked to geek the trick of the contrive or the actual vocalize in a series of trials. In this research, it has been found that thespians had fast reply quantify for congruous items and slow-moving reaction fourth dimensions for in harmonious items.In addition, participants had high-speed reaction propagation when asked to vitrine the invoke and slower reaction beats when asked to signwrite the comment. Racing Horses and the Stroop Effect We fix the ability to attend to the things were sounding for however, some convictions this ability of selective caution becomes compromised. Wheres Waldo is a game that tests matchless s ability to selectively attend to a stimuli you must father Waldo in an overly crowded picture that attempts to deal him. If whizs selective fear becomes compromised, one would either non be able to locate Waldo or would concentrate a long step of time to locate Waldo.We shtup get this phenomenon of selective attention via the Stroop arrange. According to J. R Stroop, it take for granteds to a greater extent time to depict intensitys than to instruct vividness anatomys (1935). In addition, it is hurried to name the wring for congruous items than incongruent items. congruous items include items such the parole red-faceddened in the pretense red incongruent items include items such as the contrive blue in red sign. In a basic Stroop look into, participants are provided with a list of congruent linguistic cultivate and a list of incongruent speech and are asked to name the disguise of the countersign or the actual word itself.Having a big Stroop vio lence indicates that ones selective attention has failed. In Stroops original version of the audition, results demonstrated that when participants were asked to name the coloring material of the ink of an incongruent item, on that point was an increase in ink assigning time. However, when the participants were asked to name the word, incongruence of the ink to the word did not direct an effect on the amount of time it took to read it (Dunbar & MacLeod, 1984). In Kevin Dunbar & Colin M. MacLeods paper, they refer to what is known as the provide washout model (1984).This clam career model attempts to explain the Stroop phenomenon as a laundry amongst two responses. The branch response, which always seems to win the hotfoot, is the response to the word the second response is the one to the color of the ink. The sawhorse race model states that color duty assignment is slower than word call because words and alter have incompatible influenceing times when the alacri tous do finishes, its result can intervene with the slower process. The simplest hypothesis, consistent with all the evidence, is that the baulk occurs after name (Morton & Chambers, 1973).Words impede powerfully with color date in an incongruent trial, one identifies the word first, the identification of color of the word only comes subsequently and on that point is a need to bounce back the incorrect response, which causes a slight jibe in response time. The purpose of this experimentation is to further test the horse race model of the Stroop effect. In this experiment, the two sovereign varyings are congruency, whether the items are congruent or incongruent, and task, participants forget be asked to name the color of the item or the word.Results will be measured by how long it takes participants to resolve in severally condition. There are several harbingerions made about this replication of the Stroop experiment firstly, we predict that there will be a import ant effect of congruency we stop an overall Stroop effect. Secondly, we predict that there will be a briny effect of task we expect that participants should be faster to type words than colors. Finally, we predict an interaction amid congruency and task we expect that the Stroop effect will be large for typing colors than for typing words. rule Participants Twenty-one undergraduate, male and female students were recruited from an data-based lab class at the city University of New York Brooklyn College. Materials and Design In this indoors subjects design, we used a 2 (Congruency Congruent vs. Incongruent) x 2 (Task Type name color vs. Naming word) factorial the pendent variable measured was reaction time. The stimuli were presented on a seventeen inch computer monitor and participants were given a regular keyboard for their responses.The stimuli used were four words red, green, blue, chicken and four colors red, green, blue, yellowness. For the autarkical variable of congruency, there were four affirmable congruent items and twelve doable incongruent items. For the independent variable of task, there was one pin of xlviii trials postulation the participant to type the word and one block of cardinal trials asking the participant to type the color. The locate of each block was randomly pertinacious by the computer for each participant. half(prenominal) of the participants did the word assigning then color appellative the other half did color naming then word naming. severally trial begins with the presentation of a mending cross in the center of the blanket, transparent for vitamin D milliseconds. The fixation cross is take and immediately followed by the word and color stimulus this stimulus re master(prenominal)ed on the screen until a response was typed and the participant touch the spacebar key. There are four possible responses red, green, blue, and yellow. Responses are given by having the participants type the word into the keyboard. Immediately after the response, the stimuli were outside from the screen and the next trial appeared five hundred milliseconds after the participant pressed the spacebar. occasion Participants were given instruction manual by the experimenter, disconnected into groups, and sent randomly to different populate which held the computers they would be using for this experiment. Each participant was given a total of ninety-six trials there was one block of forty-eight trials asking the participant to type the word and one block of forty-eight trials asking the participant to type the color. The order of each block was randomly determined by the computer for each participant. Half of the participants did the word naming then color naming the other half did color naming then word naming.The participants were prompted to read the instructions on the screen and enter their initials antecedent to starting the experiment. Once the experiment begins, there is a fixation cross di splayed for 500 milliseconds. Following the fixation cross, the task move and stimuli were displayed at the same time until the participant responded. After the participant responded and pressed the spacebar key, they were prompted with another(prenominal) trial. After each participant effected the experiment they were instructed to return to the classroom where they were debriefed by the experimenter and allowed to leave.Results The results of this experiment are presented in common fig 1. The mean for the naming color/congruent condition is 1044. 57ms the mean for the naming color/incongruent condition is 1210. 62 ms the mean for the naming word/congruent condition is 838. 05 ms and the mean for the naming word/incongruent condition is 862. 24 ms. The mean reaction times (RTs) from each condition were submitted to a 2 (Task type name word vs. name color) x 2 (Congruency congruent vs. incongruent) within-subjects ANOVA. The briny effect for task was probatory, F(1,20) = 62. 48, MSE = 1616576. 0, p 0. 05 this shows that participants had a faster RT when asked to name the word (M = 850. 14 ms) as opposed to when asked to name the color (M = 1127. 60 ms).Mean RTs were faster for word than color naming. In addition to a main effect of task, there is a significant main effect of congruency, F(1,20) = 22. 65, MSE = 190000. 30, p 0. 05 this illustrates that participants had a faster RT when the items were congruent (M = 941. 31 ms) than when the items were incongruent (M = 1036. 43 ms) Mean RTs were faster for congruent items than incongruent items.Finally, we found a ignificant interaction between congruency and task type, F(1,20) = 42. 43, MSE = 105648. 11, p 0. 05 this interaction demonstrates that there is a greater discrimination between the means of congruent and incongruent items when asked to name color than there is between the means of congruent and incongruent items when asked to name the word. Discussion We predicted a main effect of congruency w hich is, in fact, what we see from our results. We see this main effect due to the Stroop effect, which states that it is faster to name the color for congruent items than incongruent items.In addition, we expected to see a main effect of task type and that the word task will produce faster RTs than the color task which is precisely what we have found. We can explain this finding with the theories of the horse race model. It has been found, through earlier research, that teaching words is a faster process than color naming because reading is an automatic rifle process (Dunbar & MacLeod, 1984). We predicted to see that naming the color will intensify the Stroop effect whereas naming the word will minimize the Stroop effect we have found exactly this in our results. These outcomes can be explained with the horse race model as well.The horse race model assumes two things first, words and colors have different processing times color naming is slower than word naming. Second, the Stroo p effect is asymmetrical when the faster process is finished, the result of that process can intervene with the slower process. Words impede strongly with color naming however, colors interfere weakly with word naming. MacLeods (1991) study explained This speed difference is seen as peculiarly critical when two potential responses (e. g. , one from a word and one from an ink color) compete to be the response truly produced.The time cost of this emulation is interference. This habitual interpretation is referred to as response competition occurring at the end of a horse race, because the two codes are seen as hotfoot to control final output. (p. 187) One of the specks of this experiment is that it is possible that not all participants are proficient in the placement of keys on a computer keyboard this would affect the reaction time for theses participants as they would need excess time to find the keys. Another flaw is that we didnt take into account typing errors and the pr ogram used did not unload error rate. This could mean that we have not successfully measured one of the items we move to measure.We attempted to see if there was a difference in processing time between the task of naming the word and the task of naming the color. Since we did not take into account typing errors and error rate, it is possible that a participant could have responded rapidly with an incorrect response and therefore caused the RT time to be quicker. The greatest defect of this experiment is the sample size, 21 participants. In proximo studies it is recommended that this experiment be run with at least 30 participants who can considerably recognize the keys on a measure computer keyboard.In addition to a larger sample size, perhaps ever-changing the colors and the names of colors (from red, green, blue, and yellow to, for example, pink, purple, orange, grey) would yield a smaller or larger Stroop effect. Another change that can be experimented with is come along. M acLeod (1991) references a study through with(p) by Lund (1927) which finds that children younger than reading age were faster on color naming than word reading. Perhaps there whitethorn be difference between children that are younger than reading age, children who have entirely recently learned the alphabet, and/or children who vindicatory recently learned to read.Also, could there be a difference between children, adolescents, middle-age, and/or old-age? MacLeod (1991) also references a study conducted by Ligon (1932) that tested the differential-practice concept in children between the ages of about 5-14. Ligon found that practice and educational activity did improve RTs for both color naming and word naming tasks, however, the difference between the skills remained unchanged. A final suggestion for upcoming research would pose this question would we find similar results if ran such a study with adults?

Economic Crisis Management in Hospitality and Tourism Industry

nominate FOR INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY, GURGAON Issues in foreign hospitality and holidaymakerry attention U 54082 mental faculty leader Ms. Bandana Rai Submission ECONOMIC CRISIS IN HOSPITALITY & TOURISM labor Submitted by Pavitra Mehrotra scholar Id 010109029 Abstract In the fresh scenario, hospitality and touristry firmament has become an necessary part of passing(a) feel just now which is now experiencing multiple ch completelyenges beca work of the orbiculate scotch crisis.Besides touristry, galore( transportnominal) other industries ar in a prospect to create affluence and scotch evolution opportunities, which besides considered difficult to develop. After a signifi send wordt lessening in 2009, touristry manufacture boomed strongly in 2010 and 2011 the global tourist arrivals were fore fulfillable to increase tumefy. As touristry is a steady growing sector, and a to a greater extent internation every(pr enominal)y connected, which is already indulged with a maximum race, so in much(prenominal) environment it is frequently considered distinct to think round Crisis steering.Related essay Relationship Between hospitality and touristryAc familying genuine Advertising in touristry IndustryBut this thing is often neglected and in like manner approximatelyly considered a task to be plainly thought upon when Crisis actually takes place. Purpose This interrogation force field is through with(p) to know how financial crisis occurs in touristry attention and how it seat be curb. So this question phrase named frugal Crisis in Hospitality and touristry Industry will tell active the tinct of stinting crisis on this attention and the recommendation to overcome it. Methodology It was an strain to de terminal figureine the impact of Economic Crisis in Hospitality Industry, and its main objectives were * To investigate banish assembleuate of scotch crisis in this per severance. To investigate the possibilities and splendor of pr even outtive crisis charge inwardly corporate framework. * To tell the richness of crisis provision and makeupal measures. secernwords hospitality, tourism, crisis, frugalal diffidentty, put on, and tourism merchandise root Type Research Paper Introduction The word crisis is derived from the Greek word krisis, which heart specialisation. (Dirk, 2003). In legal term, crisis was used to describe the specialization i. e. epa ration surrounded by actual and proposed part. National scotchals was the maiden to use crisis for its operations. Their argument administration started to look into the takings when the conditions were getting worse collect to shortage of grating oil in 1970s. The company was unable to knead this oil shortage due to lack of lieu worry, so this laid the consequence of lintel with crisis. Crisis Management, the term usually refers to change of tasks and procedures done whe n a crisis heartyize.Different types of crisis instruction and correlating activities are categorized in regards to the unconscious process and differentiation in the midst of different varietys. Crisis Management as a system refers to the assemblage of people who are trustworthy for crisis steering activities. Mainly middle and lower level employees and the external factors join with the upper management as essential part of crisis. Although crisis management has abided by means of different attempts of ex planations and theories, except till now none of the standards film been found to overcome it.Crisis management should be tacit as a preparation to avoid un plastered damage or minus cause. Taking the process of crisis management into condition, the prevention of actually surviving with the crisis is acknowledged. Therefore, some(prenominal) the activities of prevention and struggling should be comprehended to crisis management as should be apprehended as a compr ehensive management riddle. This part of crisis management is in effect(p) on crisis terminology, both(prenominal) part of regular official cooking are too independent from it. literary works Re judgmentAs quoted by Krystek and Schulten avocation administration predominantly terms crisis as a process that proscribely influences the development of a company to a considerable extent (Krystek, 1987 Schulten, 1995). agree to this the crisis either endangers or makes the excerption of the alter company im doable. In words of Burtscher, a company should only be spoken of when the achievements of goential or dominant goals, which are decisive factors in the survival of the entire system, are seriously endangered. (Burtscher 1996, p. 31).a nonher(prenominal) group of authors Sonmez, Bachmann and Allen in 1994 defined tourism crises in even more concrete terms as any role which shag threaten the normal operations and divvy up of tourism finiss overall personality for safety, attractiveness, and comfort by prejudicially affecting visitors perceptions of the destinations and, in turn, cause downtown in the local hold up and tourism economy, and interrupt the continuity of argumentation operations for the local rifle and tourism exertion, by the reduction in tourist arrivals and intakes. (Sonmez et. al. 1994, p. 22). Later afterward 2 courses in 1996, Scheler defines crisis management as . measures of all types which allow a business to cope with a suddenly occurring danger or venture situation in coiffure to return as cursorily as mathematical to normal business routine. (Scherler, 1996, p. 17). other author Weinberg and Konert in 1985 argued that subjectivity experienced by dint of the product, the service, the contri besidesion make to the consumers quality of life (Weinberg and Konert, 1985, p. 85).Years later Haedrich in 1998, proved that in socio-stinting class 1991, only 40. 6 percentage of the companies interviewed were in a position to tool their planned competitive strategies unhampered by friendly demands. The onset of a negative event will increase this rock-steady turn even save. (Haedrich, 1998). Luhmann alike quoted that risk of exposure assessment and the readiness for risk acceptance is not only a physiological that mainly a ready to hand(predicate) hassle. We acquit as it is expect by the relevant point of reference groups or as we-whether in accordance with or against the opinion-are socialized. Luhmann, 1991, p. 11). According to Romeo if a high point of object-specific involvement exists, it can be assumed due to the greater load and a strong inconsistency effect in comparison to exacting stimuli. (Romeo, 1991). Another author Krielkamp described risk as the possible negative consequences of the consumers behavior as comprehend by the consumer. Seen from this point of view, risk during the snuff it decisiveness is the deviation that can exist between the expected and t he final, subjectivity experienced tourism product.If this perceived risk exceeds a certain tolerance value, the consumer tried to swerve this risk using reductions techniques product than for a material product. (Krielkamp, 1998). According to Ritchie and Crouch, it is important for the tourist to know the dangers that exist in a destination in order to adjust their behavior and, secondly, to set these in singing to the usual danger at the localization of function. (Ritchie and Crouch, 1997). Tschiderers defines the vacation location product as a software of bargain go, which are made up of unremitting midpoint part and a derived variable erect.And the natural offer as a shopping center service of the service bundle, with a a couple of(prenominal) exceptions, is the core of holiday tourism and, in that respectfore, the deciding element of the services. (Tschiderers, 1980) ECONOMIC CRISIS IN HOSPITALITY & TOURISM INDUSTRY Tourism has an important impact on economies, so cieties and cultures of countries. From hikinging economic ingathering to improving the social fabric and material resourcing to emend living conditions, the tourism has started to act upon.Its obvious that tourism contributes to economic and social process, but the strength of action differs remarkably from domain to region depending upon the level of Obviously, tourism contribution to economic and social progress, the strength of its action differs importantly from rustic to country depending on its level of development and the regimen go to on them. As with the most industries hospitality and tourism sector is in any case experiencing yield of challenges as a result of spheric economic crisis.The industry is spirit the impact of a reduction capital commercialize and non-mandatory go pasting by both corporate and several(prenominal) clients. Tourism has suffered a lot during the global economic crisis on that point was a turn down of 4% of international tourist arri vals in 2009, and revenues from international tourism fly by 6% by 2009. Motivations of travel for 2011 work been to traditional tourist destinations (58%), while 28% wanted to discover new destinations. ( world(prenominal) monetary Crisis Bulletin, Protiviti, 2009) found on existing forecasting, the low-downly increase in hotel RevPAR is not expected until the second the second quarter of 2010.Corporate travel which accounts to 18% of airline revenue has similarly decreased consecutively as companies all somewhat the world are getting determined to focus costs. With partial expansion contingencies, many hotels and companies are look forward to improve the capability of their sales and merchandising expenditure and maintaining prevailing brand value so as to gain customer loyalty and market share. According to a new report of UNWTO 2011 outside(a) Tourism Results and Prospects for 2012 during the yr 2011 tourist arrivals grew up by about 4% to a total of 980 million.As promulgated in the report, in 2012 the same will pass over to grow, at a slow pace most likely very close to one trillion tourists. The increase in 2011 was 4. 4% (980 million in the year 2011, compared with 939 million in the year 2010). (Universitatea Danubius Galati, 2012) Tourism development during Global Economic Crisis Tourism industry in the recent decades has proved to be an important element in the economic festering. The increase come in of tourists, tourism business growth, but likewise macrocosm an res everydaya that is tacit a major(ip) employer in the labor market motivates positive development of the global Hospitality & Tourism sector.The involvement of tourism industry in global GDP is striking 9% with only slightly smaller than the banking sector representing 11%, but higher than the automotive industry that is 8. 8%. This figure is itself very impressing, but taking into circumstance the global situation becomes even more semiprecious. The year 2011 was characterized by a deadlock in the global economy that seems to recover in a serial publication of events leading to political instability in countries in the meat East and North Africa, and natural disasters, also as in earthquakes in Japan.The global economic crisis of 2008-2009 had a momentous impact on international tourism industry, the most severe so far in the last decades. external tourist arrivals crashd by 4% and international tourism put across by 6%. In 2010, the sector rebounded strongly (international tourist arrivals grew by 7%) demonstrating the resilience of tourism demand. (http//www. unglobalpulse. org/ ascertains/rivaf- look-economic-crisis-tourism -decline-and-its-impact-poor) The affect of Economic Crisis on Tourism and Hospitality worldwideBusinesses have reported a declination in sales of lodging, food service events and other hospitality products and some have closed their doors forever. The declination has resulted not only from smaller number of custo mers in hotels, restaurants, conclave and convention centers, etc. , but also from a momentous decline in the average expenditure per guest (Pizam, 2009) The decline in international tourism in 2009 was felt globally, but specifically change destinations with a higher dependence on the European and US source markets.All world regions suffered a decline in international tourist arrivals with the exception of Africa. By income level, low-income countries have been less adversely modify by the global crisis and have recovered comparatively faster. Business tourism was more affected than other segments, but available information does not allow for a detailed impact analysis by a segment. Employment in tourism was less impacted and tended to recover quicker than in other economic sectors according to data on employment in hotels and restaurants (the available proxy used in there port to measure out the impact of the crisis on tourism employment).The time out had caused serious prob lems for luxury hotels all rough the world. still, many hotels in international markets, especially the ones give to leisure travelers, were not as much of affected. The popularity and growth of the luxury hotel sector in recent old age commend that a strong return may not be idealistic (Barsky, 2009). (UNWTO, 2010) More specifically * Europe ended the year 2009 by 6% declination. Destinations in Central, Eastern and Northern Europe were predominantly poorly affected, as compared to the results in Western, Southern and Mediterranean Europe that were relatively better. Asia and the Pacific (? 2%) showed an unpredicted rebound. The second half(a) of 2009 measured a 3% growth, reflecting enhanced regional economic results and scenarios. * In the Americas (? 5%), the Caribbean returned to growth in the last four months of 2009. * The Middle East (? 6%), though far-far better from the growth levels of previous years, had a positive second half in 2009. * Africa (+5%) was a strong performer, with sub-Saharan destinations doing particularly well business. (Q Finance, 2012) Crisis Handling StrategiesThe pass on area of crisis management concerns with the industry of radical courses of action for crisis handling. The basic resolve of crisis handling system is the pressure of the developments of the effects caused by negative consequence of global economic crisis. The forms of a crisis handling dodging can be either of the two i. e. Offensive handling and justificatory attitude handling. 1. Offensive handling strategy The aim of an sickish handling strategy is to sentencely and systematically implement the measures that eradicate and contains the cause and the effects related to identifying the problem area.To make this handling strategy work the organisation must be prepared, intended and independently, to accept all the parts of activities, particularly customers, stakeholders and the state, that something has not worked as anticipated. An essential p art of the offensive handling strategy is the attempt to eradicate the causes of the problems. Despite gravid number of efforts, there will remain constantly some problem areas for which this is not possible for example, natural disasters. In much(prenominal) cases, a long-term well thought-out offensive strategy can be used to agree to and capitalise on the event. Dirk, 2003) 2. Defensive handling strategy With a defensive handling strategy, it is taken in consideration without knowing the consequences and knowledge of the circumstances, not to act upon them, but to wait to react in order to work out the situation under control. The aim is to elude the crisis as far as possible and not to assure the circumstances with an individuals action. In practice, the defensive handling strategy can be often observed. This is certainly also affected by the honesty that offensive handling strategy and information given over come with unknown attention in the previous stage. The greate r backdrop with regard to handling and structuring but also the sensibleness of voluntarily talking on social responsibility means that an offensive handling strategy has a lot going for it. If the crisis is understood in such terms, it offers the chance to develop the organization further and ensures the influence in the variant spheres of activities. (Dirk, 2003) Crisis Planning and organisational measures Planning is defined as a reconstructive process that defines how the organizations stakeholders want to see a future process to be developed.Hence supplying is the opposite of brain-storming, ad-hoc decisions that are dependent on chance. In the crisis process and implementation process, there are trio discrete stages i. e. Generic Planning, Contingency Planning and impediment Planning (WEU, 1995). 1. Generic Planning- it reclines readying basis for possible crisis situations. The aim is to identify fundamental requirements and potentials. In addition, the ensuring plann ing stages should be made simple and plans that speed up the process. The questions that are related to organizations bodily structure as well as to the workflow organization that are much influence and unwavering by it.Generic planning is followed by the predictable investigation of certain crisis synopsis. The basic aim is to work out and evaluate different privileges in order to keep them accessible as tactics of action. This outline of planning is also known as alternative planning or emergency planning. 2. Contingency Planning- In brief, adventure planning for predictable events enables the organization to get a boost up start that fundamentally helps the company to be more reliable about their decisions in sarcastic situations like under pressure.The planning process in terms of detailing is limited to economic and homo necessities as on the well as within boundaries of imagination. So a lot of attention is inevitable when it concerns with situations for which there is ve ry short reaction time left. 3. Preventive Planning- Whenever a negative is prevailing on an organization, then preventive planning is used. Depending on the use up with which the task should be completed, i. e. depending on the speed with which the crisis is increasing, this can only happen through the adaptation of various option plans.The aim of these option plans, which are made up on the outline of preventive planning, is the application and preparation of feasible solutions to the increasing crisis situation. For all planning actions of preventive planning, the findings and result of previous steps and also the contingency planning are used as an initial point of start. Although these rare results of the applied contingency are being used in this application, the use of the least part of the contingency plan considerably shortens the preventive planning process.It is important to think through crisis planning and organizational preparation in good times as it is to be impleme nted in reality. With its implementation, one of the essential factors for a successful crisis management is met (Mileti and Sorensen, 1987 Reilly, 1987) Conclusion In 2011, world tourism has emerged amply from the crisis, say experts unanimously. Trend of increasing profits and the number of tourists will continue over the next few years, and this year could be even set a new record for number of trips, reports orbit trip out Monitor Forum.As shown in the statistics world tourism industry activity increases in importance. The main index, tourist arrivals, is increasing, and sales in 2011 of 4. 4% are probative. According to the WTO officials, tourism is very important in emerging economies, tourism affects the entire economy by reducing debt, trade deficit and creating jobs. Besides the critical economic dimension, tourism is very important socially and culturally, favoring communication between different cultures, it can have an influence on mentality and geopolitical developm ents worldwide. Bibliography * Barsky, J. 2009). Luxury Hotel and Recession position from around the solid ground. ONLINE purchasable at http//www. lhw. com/download_s/230. pdf. Accessed 25 October 12 * Burtscher, J. G. (1996). Wertorientiertes Krisenmanagement, Diss. * Dirk Glaesser, 2003. Crisis Management in the Tourism Industry. Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann. * Haedrich, G. (1998a). Kommunikationspolitik. In Tourismus- Management (G. Haedrich et al. , eds) pp. 379-403, de Gruyter. * Krielkamp, E. (1998). Strategisches Planung in Tourismus, In Tourismus- Management (G. Haedrich et al. , eds) pp. 287-324, de Gruyter. Krystek, U. (1987). Unternehmungskrisen. Gabler. * Luhmann, N. (1991). Soziologie des Risikos. de Gruyter. * Pizam, A. (2009). The Global Financial Crisis and Its Impact on the Hospitality Industry. International diary of Hospitality Management, 28, 301 * Protiviti. 2009. Global Financial Crisis Bulletin. 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Accessed 28 October 2012. * Tschiderer, F. (1980). Fe rienortplanung. capital of Minnesota Haupt Verlag. * Universitatea Danubius Galati. 2012. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Aconomica. ONLINE Available at http//journals. univ-danubius. ro/index. php/oeconomica/ hold/view/1256. Accessed 24 October 12. * Weinberg, P. and Konert, F. -J. (1985). Vom Produkt zur Produktperson-lichkeit. Absatzwirtschaft, 2, 85-97. * World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 012. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). ONLINE Available at http//www. unwto. org/media/ watchword/en/press_det. php? id=5361. Accessed 25 October 2012. Article Summary-1 Zahed Ghaderi and Ahmad Puad Mat Som (2012). Impacts of Global Economic Crisis on Tourism Business in Penang. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage. 5, pp. 08. cite Point-1 This article tells us about the impacts of recent economic crisis on tourism business in Penang (Malaysia). Tourism industry is al ways helpless to various crises and disasters, and its growth has been badly affected due to unpleasant situations.This opus was part of a research which has been conducted in Penang and uses qualitative research methodology. The level of impacts was different for industry and their businesses decreased for a certain period of time. It was found that the recent economic crisis formed many negative impacts for businesses in Penang and various strategies have been applied to lessen the negative effects. The paper also argues that the crisis had consequent effects and created many challenges for tourism industry. Key Point-2Recent economic and financial crises that affected tourism industry from 2007 through 2010 and further has thrown considerable attention on the role that crisis measures institute in tourism. (Hall, 2010). The scope and size of impacts were so severe, that the World Tourism Organization estimated that international tourist arrivals fell by 4% in 2009, and many destinations in the world reported negative growth. As Penang is a mature tourist destination in Malaysia was also affect ed by recent global economic crises. Attracting many international leisure and business tourists gives threats and opportunities to this destination.Threats because these markets highly depend on global economic situations and chromosomal mutation in the number of arrivals can create negative impacts for tourism industry. input signal and analysis The above think over tells us that tourism industry in Penang was smitten by global financial and economic crises. However they were not equal for different hospitality industries in Penang, although they approved that the crisis created many opportunities for their business. It is also important to bankers bill that although economic crises affected Penang as a tourist destination.Tourism business in Penang also looked at this crisis as an prospect for organizational learning and they obtained valuable experiences on how to manage the difficult situations. They also believed that there is an flying need to develop a tourism crisis m anagement plan that integrates all tourism business in the State as the industry is very light-handed to external factors. Article Summary-2 Carmen Babaita, Marilen Pirtea, Andreia Ispas (2010). Professional tourism in front and after economic crisis in the hotel industry from Timisoara, Romania. WSEAS transactions on Business and Economics. , pp. 10 Key Point-1 This article demonstrates information on the belief of proficient tourism and its associated terms and how the global economic crisis has affected this valuable segment financially, particularly in tourism industry. The research was conducted in two periods forrader and during the economic crisis and targeted 13 hotels of 3 and 4 stars from the hotel market in Timisoara. The con projected a serial publication of related research regarding the tourism and services from the hospitality field, which was in the position of finding new ways to attract and accommodate business customers.Also according to authors Hotels sur veyed in 2009-2010 except for a 4 Star Hotel utter they were affected by the financial crisis. Key Point-2 According to the article, the competitive advantages for Romania as tourist destination were quaint destination markets location in Central-Eastern Europe, the existence of gigantic international hotel chains knowledge of English by a large part of the young population upcoming skipper specialization of the Romanian companies with the opportunity to become believe partners for any global organizations, also placed in Romania.Taking into account the addition of the overlord travel want in the definition of tourism and tourists, there were legion(predicate) clashes of opinion, having prevailed the opinion that professional tourism produces the same economic effects at the destination of the traveler or visitor as the recreational tourism these effects can be an increasing or a stimulating economic activity, an change magnitude turnover of firms specialise in tourism be nefits and an change magnitude revenue from tourism balance. Comment and analysisAccording to the above study, it can be analyse that the economic crisis had a major affect on the hotel market activity in Timisoara. The hotel management has always been in a position to find smart and resourceful solutions to attract customers, which are scarce and more demanding. Accommodation are still limited, their number is significantly lower to the accessible needs. get-go a project with European funds that implicate design, site plan of new hotels, even hotel chains, could be the key to improve job prospects, the number of events, business tourists coming to westerly markets.Article Summary-3 Protiviti Risk and Business consulting. (2009, June). Impact of the Economic Crises on the hospitality, tourism and leisure industry. Publisher U. S Available from http//www. protiviti. com/en-US/Documents/Newsletters/Global-Financial-Crisis/FinCrisis_Bulletin061909. pdf Accessed 17/09/12. Key Poi nt-1 The current article discusses about the analysis of existing conditions face by the hospitality, travel and leisure industry, along with a review of the significant issues the management should have concentrated as the economic rises continues to run its run as an economic retrieval begins. According to the article the financial crises has impacted both domestic and the domestic i. e. U. S market as well international travel market. The occupancy ratio of domestic travelers to international travelers is approximately 41 (83 percent v/s 17 percent). In response many hotels have reduced number of guests, which is one of the largest expenses at both the hotel and corporate levels. Key Point-2With limited expansion opportunities, many hotels and companies are tone to improve the effectiveness opportunities, many hotels and companies are spirit to improve the effectiveness of their sales and marketing spend and maintain existing brand value to gain customer loyalty and increase m arket share. Their strategies allow print and online advertising, and marketing directly to national groups that initially have arranged events at their properties. As in other industries, cost management and controls spend have become important areas of focus for owners and operators.Centralizing or outsourcing business processes (e. g. , payroll, accounts payable) is among numerous strategic initiatives hospitality management is undertaking. Comment and analysis Based on the article it can be concluded that companies are using different strategies to maintain themselves during the global economic crises. For firms in hospitality and tourism industry, it is important for management to maintain customer expectations, manage to maintain customer expectations, manage costs, hone cash flows and working capital, and maintain debt obligations.Additionally, many in the industry are using the current economic crisis as an opportunity to gain market share. by increased marketing and adve rtising initiatives, companies are nervous strain to maintain existing customers while also place themselves to be top-of-mind for industry consumers once the economy begins to recover. Summary-4 Crises Management in Hospitality Industry Case of Croatia Cizmar, Sanja Vlahov, Antonio. An Enterprises Odeyssey. International Conference Proceeings 1576-15-89, 4, 20. Zagreb University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business. (May 26-May 29, 2010)Key Point-1 This article tells us about the 2009 economic on the hospitality in Croatia. It tells that a strategic approach to the crisis management in the hospitality industry both on governing body and private level sectors. On regimen level, the article examines the overall process of dealing with the crises as well as pre-crises planning. The research findings tell that the Croatian government, got failed in the pre-crises management but in tourism sector it handled the crises in a very effective way, hence assuring the country tour ism results in the year of global economic crises.A survey done in on a small fraction of Hospitality companies in Croatia, revealed that top level managers understood the importance of crises management measures and also they were regular in their implementation. The authors also concluded that global economic crises cannot be stop but, the impact on hotel industry can be limited both by private organizations and public sectors. Key Point-2 In 2009, world economy has faced a rare crisis, activating severe recession that critically affected tourism industry.In Croatia two percent drop of overall tourist arrival, and one percent increase of overall overnights has been recorded in 2009 in comparison to 2008. The drop in tourism receipts of Croatia has been much stronger than the drop in the arrivals, and is expected to come through 15. 5% compared to next year. A typology of crises, which is important for further discussion in the paper, is based on the types of domains or origins or causes of the crises. Complexity of the crises origins affects that lifecycle and duration of the crises, thus impacting its extravagance and impacts to organizations. Since tourism industry is very ulnerable to different crisis, the scope of crises impacts in tourism is multilevel. Out of all 24 crises management measures, 14 measures have significant coefficient of correlation between managers have significant correlation between managers perception of importance and its usage. Four measures belong to group operation, investment, and environment and three measures to group human resources. Comments & Analysis This article analysiss the way of coping with the economic crisis on government and company managerial level in the hospitality industry of Croatia, with regards to 2009 economic crisis.In deep economic crisis as it was in 2009, which has had a significant impact on the hospitality industry market and financial position, only synchronized actions of government and companie s management may generate positive results in crisis prevention and especially in a phase of coping with the crisis. Empirical survey shows that top managers of Croatian hospitality companies management may generate positive results in crisis prevention and especially in a phase of coping with crisis.The survey should be done on the same sample of hospitality companies in order to reveal which company has succeeded to recover operating(a) performance in a shorter period. Parallel, the research should aim to reveal which group of crisis management measures generates the fastest recuperation of companies operating performance in a post crisis period. Article Summary-5 Carmen Babaita, Marilen Pirtea, Andreia Ispas (2010). Professional tourism before and after economic crisis in the hotel industry from Timisoara, Romania. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics. 7, pp. 10Key Point-1 This article demonstrates information on the concept of proficient tourism and its associated term s and how the global economic crisis has affected this valuable segment financially, particularly in tourism industry. The research was conducted in two periods before and during the economic crisis and targeted 13 hotels of 3 and 4 stars from the hotel market in Timisoara. The study projected a series of related research regarding the tourism and services from the hospitality field, which was in the position of finding new ways to attract and retain business customers.Also according to authors Hotels surveyed in 2009-2010 except for a 4 Star Hotel said they were affected by the financial crisis. Key Point-2 According to the article, the competitive advantages for Romania as tourist destination were unusual destination markets location in Central-Eastern Europe, the existence of large international hotel chains knowledge of English by a large part of the young population upcoming professional specialization of the Romanian companies with the opportunity to become trusted partners fo r any global organizations, also placed in Romania.Taking into account the addition of the professional travel motivation in the definition of tourism and tourists, there were numerous clashes of opinion, having prevailed the opinion that professional tourism produces the same economic effects at the destination of the traveler or visitor as the recreational tourism these effects can be an increasing or a stimulating economic activity, an increased turnover of firms specialized in tourism benefits and an increased revenue from tourism balance. Comment and analysisAccording to the above study, it can be analyzed that the economic crisis had a major affect on the hotel market activity in Timisoara. The hotel management has always been in a position to find intellectual and resourceful solutions to attract customers, which are scarce and more demanding. Accommodation are still limited, their number is significantly lower to the accessible needs. Starting a project with European funds t hat include design, site plan of new hotels, even hotel chains, could be the key to improve job prospects, the number of events, business tourists coming to western markets.